Equal Protection Clause

E15484

constitutional clause legal doctrine

The Equal Protection Clause is a key constitutional provision that prohibits states from denying any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, forming the basis for many landmark civil rights decisions in the United States.

Observed surface forms (6)

Surface form	Occurrences
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment	21
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution	6
Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause	6
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (legal claim)	1
Fourteenth Amendment equal protection	1
equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution	1

Statements (64)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	constitutional clause ⓘ legal doctrine ⓘ
adoptedIn	1868 ⓘ
appliesTo	local governments ⓘ persons within state jurisdiction ⓘ state governments ⓘ states ⓘ
basisFor	Brown v. Board of Education ⓘ Bush v. Gore ⓘ Craig v. Boren ⓘ Frontiero v. Richardson ⓘ Gratz v. Bollinger ⓘ Grutter v. Bollinger ⓘ Korematsu v. United States (dissent) ⓘ surface form: Korematsu v. United States (majority and later criticism) Lawrence v. Texas (in part) ⓘ Loving v. Virginia ⓘ Obergefell v. Hodges ⓘ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ⓘ Plyler v. Doe ⓘ Reed v. Reed ⓘ Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ⓘ Roe v. Wade ⓘ surface form: Roe v. Wade (in part) Romer v. Evans ⓘ San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez ⓘ Shaw v. Reno ⓘ Shelley v. Kraemer ⓘ United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion ⓘ surface form: United States v. Virginia Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. ⓘ Washington v. Davis ⓘ Windsor v. United States (in part) ⓘ Yick Wo v. Hopkins ⓘ
country	United States of America ⓘ
doesNotDirectlyApplyTo	private conduct without state involvement ⓘ
draftedAsPartOf	Reconstruction Amendments ⓘ
effectiveDate	July 9, 1868 ⓘ
enforcedBy	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ federal courts of the United States ⓘ
historicalContext	post–American Civil War Reconstruction era ⓘ
influenced	Civil Rights Movement jurisprudence ⓘ
influencedBy	Civil Rights Act of 1866 ⓘ
interpretedBy	judicial review ⓘ
jurisdiction	United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
languageType	negative rights provision ⓘ
legalSystem	United States constitutional law ⓘ
locatedInDocument	Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment
partOf	Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
protects	children of undocumented immigrants (as in Plyler v. Doe) ⓘ non-citizens within state jurisdiction ⓘ racial minorities ⓘ women ⓘ
purpose	to prohibit states from denying any person the equal protection of the laws ⓘ
relatedConcept	affirmative action ⓘ civil rights ⓘ equal protection ⓘ fundamental rights ⓘ incorporation doctrine ⓘ intermediate scrutiny ⓘ racial segregation ⓘ rational basis review ⓘ same-sex marriage ⓘ strict scrutiny ⓘ suspect classification ⓘ
scope	state action requirement ⓘ
text	"nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" ⓘ

Referenced by (57)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Due Process Clause → relatedTo → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Enforcement Clause → relatedTo → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Equal Justice Under Law (associated with the Supreme Court building inscription) → relatedTo → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

subject surface form: Equal Justice Under Law

"One man, one vote" → relatedToPrinciple → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

subject surface form: One man, one vote

this entity surface form: equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Bakke → subjectMatter → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke → subjectMatter → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Incorporation doctrine → usesClause → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment