Fourteenth Amendment

E2552

United States constitutional law constitutional amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment is a key post–Civil War addition to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law, forming the foundation of many modern civil rights protections.

Aliases (19)

Statements (51)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	United States constitutional law → constitutional amendment →
adoptedAfter	American Civil War →
aimedAt	protecting rights of formerly enslaved people →
alsoKnownAs	14th Amendment → Amendment XIV →
appliesTo	states →
belongsTo	Reconstruction Amendments →
containsClause	Citizenship Clause → Due Process Clause → Enforcement Clause → Equal Protection Clause → Privileges or Immunities Clause →
country	United States of America →
effectiveDate	1868-07-28 →
empowers	United States Congress →
empowersFor	enforcement by appropriate legislation →
followedBy	Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution →
follows	Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution →
guarantees	birthright citizenship → due process of law → equal protection of the laws →
historicalPeriod	Reconstruction era →
keyCase	Brown v. Board of Education → Bush v. Gore → Gideon v. Wainwright → Gitlow v. New York → Loving v. Virginia → Mapp v. Ohio → Miranda v. Arizona → Obergefell v. Hodges → Plessy v. Ferguson → Regents of the University of California v. Bakke → Roe v. Wade → Shelby County v. Holder →
legalDoctrine	incorporation of the Bill of Rights →
limits	state governments →
locatedInLegalDocument	Constitution of the United States, Article V amendments →
partOf	United States Constitution →
proposedBy	United States Congress →
proposedOn	1866-06-13 →
ratifiedOn	1868-07-09 →
relatedTo	Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution → Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution →
sectionCount	5 →
subjectMatter	citizenship law → civil rights → equal protection jurisprudence → procedural due process → substantive due process →
usedFor	selective incorporation of federal rights against the states →

Referenced by (132)

Subject (surface form when different)	Predicate
Branch v. Texas ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Browder v. Gayle ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Bush v. Gore ("U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV") → Cooper v. Aaron ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Dickerson v. United States ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Furman v. Georgia ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Gebhart v. Belton ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Goldberg v. Kelly ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Katzenbach v. McClung ("Fourteenth Amendment (referenced but not primary basis)") → Lawrence v. Texas ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Loving v. Virginia ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Mapp v. Ohio ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Ollie’s Barbecue case ("Fourteenth Amendment (context of civil rights enforcement)") → Planned Parenthood v. Casey → Shelley v. Kraemer ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Smith v. Allwright ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Sweatt v. Painter ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Tanco v. Haslam ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Wolf v. Colorado ("U.S. Const. amend. XIV") →	constitutionalProvision
Argersinger v. Hamlin → Bakke ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Montana ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Betts v. Brady ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Brown v. Board of Education ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Brown v. Board of Education ("Equal Protection Clause") → City of Boerne v. Flores ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Doe v. Bolton ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Gideon v. Wainwright ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Gratz v. Bollinger ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Grovey v. Townsend ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Grutter v. Bollinger ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Miranda v. Arizona ("U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment") → Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Palko v. Connecticut ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Romer v. Evans ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Saenz v. Roe ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Shaw v. Reno ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Yick Wo v. Hopkins ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	constitutionalProvisionInterpreted
Brandenburg v. Ohio ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Cantwell v. Connecticut ("Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause") → Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah → Engel v. Vitale → Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Commission of Florida ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Lemon v. Kurtzman → Wisconsin v. Yoder →	appliedToStatesThrough
Brown v. Board of Education ("Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment") → Bush v. Gore ("Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment") → Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization → Obergefell v. Hodges → United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion ("Equal Protection Clause") → William Henry Furman ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	legalIssue
Article IV, Section 2 of the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Civil Rights Act of 1866 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Equal Justice Under Law ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Insular Cases doctrine ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	relatedTo
Civil Rights Act of 1870 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Civil Rights Act of 1960 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution") → DeBoer v. Snyder ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Voting Rights Act of 1965 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	constitutionalBasis
Baker v. Nelson ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Jackson v. Georgia ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Morgan v. Virginia ("Fourteenth Amendment (argued but not basis of holding)") → Murdock v. Pennsylvania ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	constitutionalProvisionInvolved
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → First Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Second Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	incorporatedThrough
Bourke v. Beshear ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Briggs v. Elliott ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	constitutionalProvisionInvoked
Bourke v. Beshear ("Fourteenth Amendment rights") → Jackson v. Georgia → The Civil Rights Cases ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	legalSubject
Enforcement Clause ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Equal Protection Clause ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	partOf
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Amendment XIV") → Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("14th Amendment") →	alsoKnownAs
Establishment Clause → Everson v. Board of Education →	appliedThrough
Enforcement Acts ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Incorporation doctrine ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	basedOn
Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act ("Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause") → First Enforcement Act ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	legalBasis
91-902 ("United States Constitution Fourteenth Amendment") → Katzenbach v. Morgan ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	relatedStatute
Fugitive Slave Clause ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") → Three-Fifths Compromise ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	supersededBy
Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	adoptedWith
VRA ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	alsoImplements
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	appliedToStatesBy
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	concerns
Reconstruction Amendments ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	consistsOf
Enforcement Clause ("Amendment XIV of the United States Constitution") →	constitutionalArticle
Civil Rights Act of 1875 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	constitutionalBasisClaimed
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette →	constitutionalProvisionAppliedToStatesBy
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Citizenship Clause") →	containsClause
Free Exercise Clause ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	extendedToStatesBy
Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review →	focusesOn
Thirteenth Amendment →	followedBy
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	follows
Due Process Clause ("Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment") →	foundInSection
Gitlow v. New York ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	hasConstitutionalProvision
United States constitutional amendments ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	includes
United States constitutional history ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	includesTopic
Clause 39 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	influenced
Plyler v. Doe ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	interprets
Roe v. Wade ("Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause") →	interpretsConstitutionalProvision
Gregg v. Georgia ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	interpretsProvision
Black Codes ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	ledTo
To Secure These Rights ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	legalBasisReferenced
American Civil War ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	legalOutcome
Due Process Clause ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	locatedIn
Equal Protection Clause ("Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment") →	locatedInDocument
John Bingham ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	notableWork
Dred Scott v. Sandford ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	overruledBy
U.S. citizens ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	protectedBy
Obergefell v. Hodges ("U.S. Constitution Fourteenth Amendment") →	relatedConstitutionalProvision
Colfax massacre ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	relatedLegislationContext
Reconstruction Acts of 1867 ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	requiredRatificationOf
Radical Republicanism ("Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") →	supported