United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion
E1585
The United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion is a landmark Supreme Court decision, authored by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, that struck down the Virginia Military Institute’s male-only admissions policy as unconstitutional sex discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| United States v. Virginia | 4 |
| United States v. Virginia (1996) | 1 |
| United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T15427 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion Context triple: [Ruth Bader Ginsburg, notableWork, United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion]
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A.
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison is the landmark 1803 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, empowering federal courts to strike down laws that violate the Constitution.
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B.
Brandeis/Roberts
Brandeis/Roberts is a commuter rail station in Waltham, Massachusetts, serving Brandeis University and the surrounding residential area.
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C.
District of Columbia Home Rule Act
The District of Columbia Home Rule Act is a U.S. federal law that grants Washington, D.C. limited self-government, including an elected mayor and council, while reserving ultimate authority to Congress.
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D.
Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the U.S. judiciary, serving as the final arbiter of constitutional and federal law.
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E.
United States Reports
United States Reports is the official bound collection of the decisions and opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion Target entity description: The United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion is a landmark Supreme Court decision, authored by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, that struck down the Virginia Military Institute’s male-only admissions policy as unconstitutional sex discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause.
-
A.
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison is the landmark 1803 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, empowering federal courts to strike down laws that violate the Constitution.
-
B.
Brandeis/Roberts
Brandeis/Roberts is a commuter rail station in Waltham, Massachusetts, serving Brandeis University and the surrounding residential area.
-
C.
District of Columbia Home Rule Act
The District of Columbia Home Rule Act is a U.S. federal law that grants Washington, D.C. limited self-government, including an elected mayor and council, while reserving ultimate authority to Congress.
-
D.
Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the U.S. judiciary, serving as the final arbiter of constitutional and federal law.
-
E.
United States Reports
United States Reports is the official bound collection of the decisions and opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Supreme Court majority opinion
ⓘ
legal document ⓘ |
| addresses | remedy of creating a separate women’s leadership program at Mary Baldwin College ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
State-supported single-sex higher education institutions
ⓘ
Virginia Military Institute ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
civil rights law
ⓘ
constitutional law ⓘ gender equality law ⓘ |
| author | Ruth Bader Ginsburg ⓘ |
| citation | 518 U.S. 515 ⓘ |
| cites |
Craig v. Boren
ⓘ
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan ⓘ Reed v. Reed ⓘ |
| clarifies | requirements for justification of gender-based classifications by states ⓘ |
| conclusion | Virginia’s justifications for excluding women from VMI are insufficient under the Equal Protection Clause ⓘ |
| constitutionalProvisionInterpreted |
Fourteenth Amendment
ⓘ
surface form:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 1996-06-26 ⓘ |
| effect | opened Virginia Military Institute to women ⓘ |
| emphasizes | skeptical scrutiny of official action that denies opportunity based on sex ⓘ |
| finds | the separate women’s program is not substantially equal to VMI ⓘ |
| holding |
Virginia Military Institute’s male-only admissions policy violates the Equal Protection Clause
ⓘ
Virginia must show an exceedingly persuasive justification for gender-based classifications ⓘ |
| impact |
limited states’ ability to maintain single-sex public institutions
ⓘ
strengthened constitutional protections against sex-based classifications ⓘ |
| influencedBy |
Craig v. Boren
ⓘ
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan ⓘ Craig v. Boren ⓘ
surface form:
Reed v. Reed
|
| joinedBy |
Anthony M. Kennedy
ⓘ
David H. Souter ⓘ John Paul Stevens ⓘ Sandra Day O’Connor ⓘ Stephen G. Breyer ⓘ William J. Brennan Jr. (by designation: not; remove if inaccurate) ⓘ |
| jurisdiction | federal question jurisdiction ⓘ |
| language | English ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
Fourteenth Amendment
ⓘ
surface form:
Equal Protection Clause
sex discrimination ⓘ |
| opposedBy | dissenting opinion of Antonin Scalia ⓘ |
| overrulesPolicy | VMI male-only admissions policy ⓘ |
| partOf |
United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
United States v. Virginia (1996)
|
| partyAgainst |
Virginia
ⓘ
surface form:
Commonwealth of Virginia
|
| partyFor |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| rejects | Virginia’s argument that single-sex education at VMI serves important governmental objectives in a constitutionally permissible way ⓘ |
| requires | substantial equality of educational opportunity for women when states provide unique public programs ⓘ |
| separateFrom | concurrence of Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ⓘ |
| standardOfReview |
heightened scrutiny
ⓘ
intermediate scrutiny ⓘ |
| states | gender classifications must serve important governmental objectives and be substantially related to achievement of those objectives ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion Description of subject: The United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion is a landmark Supreme Court decision, authored by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, that struck down the Virginia Military Institute’s male-only admissions policy as unconstitutional sex discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause.
Referenced by (6)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion
→
partOf
→
United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
United States v. Virginia (1996)
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
→
relatedTo
→
United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
United States v. Virginia
this entity surface form:
United States v. Virginia
this entity surface form:
United States v. Virginia
this entity surface form:
United States v. Virginia