Equal Protection Clause

E15484

constitutional clause legal doctrine

The Equal Protection Clause is a key constitutional provision that prohibits states from denying any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, forming the basis for many landmark civil rights decisions in the United States.

Observed surface forms (6)

Surface form	Occurrences
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment	21
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution	6
Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause	6
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (legal claim)	1
Fourteenth Amendment equal protection	1
equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution	1

Statements (64)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	constitutional clause ⓘ legal doctrine ⓘ
adoptedIn	1868 ⓘ
appliesTo	local governments ⓘ persons within state jurisdiction ⓘ state governments ⓘ states ⓘ
basisFor	Brown v. Board of Education ⓘ Bush v. Gore ⓘ Craig v. Boren ⓘ Frontiero v. Richardson ⓘ Gratz v. Bollinger ⓘ Grutter v. Bollinger ⓘ Korematsu v. United States (dissent) ⓘ surface form: Korematsu v. United States (majority and later criticism) Lawrence v. Texas (in part) ⓘ Loving v. Virginia ⓘ Obergefell v. Hodges ⓘ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ⓘ Plyler v. Doe ⓘ Reed v. Reed ⓘ Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ⓘ Roe v. Wade ⓘ surface form: Roe v. Wade (in part) Romer v. Evans ⓘ San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez ⓘ Shaw v. Reno ⓘ Shelley v. Kraemer ⓘ United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion ⓘ surface form: United States v. Virginia Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. ⓘ Washington v. Davis ⓘ Windsor v. United States (in part) ⓘ Yick Wo v. Hopkins ⓘ
country	United States of America ⓘ
doesNotDirectlyApplyTo	private conduct without state involvement ⓘ
draftedAsPartOf	Reconstruction Amendments ⓘ
effectiveDate	July 9, 1868 ⓘ
enforcedBy	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ federal courts of the United States ⓘ
historicalContext	post–American Civil War Reconstruction era ⓘ
influenced	Civil Rights Movement jurisprudence ⓘ
influencedBy	Civil Rights Act of 1866 ⓘ
interpretedBy	judicial review ⓘ
jurisdiction	United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
languageType	negative rights provision ⓘ
legalSystem	United States constitutional law ⓘ
locatedInDocument	Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment
partOf	Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
protects	children of undocumented immigrants (as in Plyler v. Doe) ⓘ non-citizens within state jurisdiction ⓘ racial minorities ⓘ women ⓘ
purpose	to prohibit states from denying any person the equal protection of the laws ⓘ
relatedConcept	affirmative action ⓘ civil rights ⓘ equal protection ⓘ fundamental rights ⓘ incorporation doctrine ⓘ intermediate scrutiny ⓘ racial segregation ⓘ rational basis review ⓘ same-sex marriage ⓘ strict scrutiny ⓘ suspect classification ⓘ
scope	state action requirement ⓘ
text	"nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" ⓘ

Referenced by (57)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Jackson v. Georgia → appliedAmendment → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause

Allan Bakke → basedOn → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (legal claim)

Sweatt v. Painter → clauseInvolved → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections → concerns → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

DeBoer v. Snyder → constitutionalClaim → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Corrigan v. Buckley → constitutionalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment equal protection

Browder v. Gayle → constitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Brown II → constitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin → constitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Gebhart v. Belton → constitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Loving v. Virginia → constitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 → constitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Shelley v. Kraemer → constitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Craig v. Boren → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Doe v. Bolton → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Milliken v. Bradley → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

subject surface form: Plessy v. Ferguson

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause

Reed v. Reed → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Romer v. Evans → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause

Washington v. Davis → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County → constitutionalProvisionInvoked → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Katzenbach v. Morgan → constitutionalProvisionInvoked → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

McGhee v. Sipes → constitutionalProvisionInvolved → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Bostock v. Clayton County → constitutionalProvisionNotAtIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Fourteenth Amendment → containsClause → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

subject surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment → enforces → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections → hasConstitutionalBasis → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause

Plyler v. Doe → hasLegalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Plyler v. Doe → interprets → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education → issue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause

McLaurin was required to sit in designated segregated areas in classrooms, the library, and the cafeteria. → issue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

subject surface form: McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act → legalBasis → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause

Baker v. Nelson → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Montana → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Bourke v. Beshear → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Briggs v. Elliott → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Gratz v. Bollinger → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Grutter v. Bollinger → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Loving v. Virginia → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Obergefell v. Hodges → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Romer v. Evans → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Shaw v. Reno → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

Sweatt v. Painter → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Washington v. Davis → legalIssue → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

San Antonio Independent School District → legalIssueInCase → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Bolling v. Sharpe (argued separately, decided same day) → relatedConstitutionalProvision → Equal Protection Clause ⓘ

subject surface form: Bolling v. Sharpe

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment