Civil Rights Act of 1991
E31053
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a U.S. federal law that strengthened and expanded workplace discrimination protections, including by enhancing employees’ rights to sue and recover damages for intentional discrimination.
All labels observed (2)
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T243133 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Civil Rights Act of 1991 Context triple: [Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, amendedBy, Civil Rights Act of 1991]
-
A.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark U.S. federal law that outlawed segregation and major forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, fundamentally reshaping American civil rights protections.
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B.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a U.S. federal law enacted during Reconstruction that aimed to guarantee African Americans equal access to public accommodations and jury service, though it was later struck down by the Supreme Court.
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C.
Employment Division v. Smith
Employment Division v. Smith is a landmark 1990 U.S. Supreme Court decision that significantly narrowed protections for religious practices under the Free Exercise Clause by upholding the enforcement of neutral, generally applicable laws even when they incidentally burden religion.
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D.
Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was the landmark 1956 federal court case that declared bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama unconstitutional, effectively ending the Montgomery bus boycott and striking a major blow against Jim Crow laws.
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E.
Shelley v. Kraemer
Shelley v. Kraemer is a landmark 1948 U.S. Supreme Court case that held courts could not enforce racially restrictive housing covenants, marking a major civil rights victory against residential segregation.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Civil Rights Act of 1991 Target entity description: The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a U.S. federal law that strengthened and expanded workplace discrimination protections, including by enhancing employees’ rights to sue and recover damages for intentional discrimination.
-
A.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark U.S. federal law that outlawed segregation and major forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, fundamentally reshaping American civil rights protections.
-
B.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a U.S. federal law enacted during Reconstruction that aimed to guarantee African Americans equal access to public accommodations and jury service, though it was later struck down by the Supreme Court.
-
C.
Employment Division v. Smith
Employment Division v. Smith is a landmark 1990 U.S. Supreme Court decision that significantly narrowed protections for religious practices under the Free Exercise Clause by upholding the enforcement of neutral, generally applicable laws even when they incidentally burden religion.
-
D.
Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was the landmark 1956 federal court case that declared bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama unconstitutional, effectively ending the Montgomery bus boycott and striking a major blow against Jim Crow laws.
-
E.
Shelley v. Kraemer
Shelley v. Kraemer is a landmark 1948 U.S. Supreme Court case that held courts could not enforce racially restrictive housing covenants, marking a major civil rights victory against residential segregation.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (50)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States federal statute
ⓘ
civil rights law ⓘ |
| amends |
42 U.S.C. § 1981
ⓘ
Americans with Disabilities Act ⓘ
surface form:
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Civil Rights Act of 1964 ⓘ Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ⓘ Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
federal government in certain provisions
ⓘ
private employers meeting Title VII coverage thresholds ⓘ state and local government employers ⓘ |
| citation | 105 Stat. 1071 ⓘ |
| clarifies |
burden of proof in disparate impact cases
ⓘ
mixed-motive discrimination standards ⓘ standards for disparate impact claims under Title VII ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| covers |
color discrimination in employment
ⓘ
disability discrimination in employment ⓘ national origin discrimination in employment ⓘ race discrimination in employment ⓘ religion discrimination in employment ⓘ sex discrimination in employment ⓘ |
| dateSigned | 1991-11-21 ⓘ |
| enactedBy | United States Congress ⓘ |
| establishes | caps on combined compensatory and punitive damages based on employer size ⓘ |
| expands | scope of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 to cover post-contract discrimination ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
United States government
ⓘ
surface form:
United States federal government
|
| presidentAtEnactment | George H. W. Bush ⓘ |
| prohibits |
intentional employment discrimination
ⓘ
retaliation for opposing unlawful employment practices ⓘ |
| protects |
employees
ⓘ
job applicants ⓘ |
| providesFor |
compensatory damages for intentional employment discrimination
ⓘ
jury trials in certain Title VII and ADA cases ⓘ punitive damages for intentional employment discrimination in certain cases ⓘ |
| publicLawNumber | Public Law 102-166 ⓘ |
| purpose |
to clarify provisions regarding disparate impact actions
ⓘ
to provide for damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination ⓘ to respond to certain Supreme Court decisions limiting civil rights protections ⓘ to strengthen and improve federal civil rights laws ⓘ |
| respondsToCourtDecision |
Lorance v. AT&T Technologies, Inc.
ⓘ
Patterson v. McLean Credit Union ⓘ Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins ⓘ Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio ⓘ |
| shortDescription | U.S. law enhancing remedies and standards in employment discrimination cases ⓘ |
| signedBy | George H. W. Bush ⓘ |
| subjectMatter |
employment discrimination
ⓘ
remedies for intentional discrimination ⓘ workplace civil rights ⓘ |
| title | Civil Rights Act of 1991 self-link ⓘ |
| yearEnacted | 1991 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Civil Rights Act of 1991 Description of subject: The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a U.S. federal law that strengthened and expanded workplace discrimination protections, including by enhancing employees’ rights to sue and recover damages for intentional discrimination.
Referenced by (14)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Congress expanded § 1981 to cover post-formation discrimination in employment through the Civil Rights Act of 1991