The Supreme Court held that the curfew order was a valid exercise of the war powers of Congress and the President.
E440272
This entity is the central holding in the 1943 Supreme Court case Hirabayashi v. United States, which upheld a World War II-era curfew imposed on Japanese Americans as constitutional under the federal government’s war powers.
Observed surface forms (1)
| Surface form | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Hirabayashi curfew holding | 0 |
Statements (44)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court holding
ⓘ
legal holding ⓘ |
| affectedGroup |
U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry
ⓘ
resident Japanese aliens ⓘ |
| appliedTo | curfew regulations issued by General John L. DeWitt ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
Japanese Americans on the West Coast
ⓘ
persons of Japanese ancestry in military areas ⓘ |
| authoredBy | Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| basedOn |
Executive Order 9066
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
congressional legislation implementing Executive Order 9066 ⓘ war powers of Congress ⓘ war powers of the President ⓘ |
| citation | Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943) NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| constitutionalProvision |
Article I war powers
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Article II Commander in Chief power NERFINISHED ⓘ Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| criticizedFor |
accepting racial discrimination under the guise of military necessity
ⓘ
weak protection of civil liberties in wartime ⓘ |
| date | 1943-06-21 ⓘ |
| geographicScope | military areas on the U.S. West Coast ⓘ |
| held |
that racial distinctions may be justified under the war power in the context of military necessity
ⓘ
that the curfew imposed on Japanese Americans was constitutional ⓘ that the curfew order was a valid exercise of the war powers of Congress and the President ⓘ |
| historicalContext | post–Pearl Harbor fear of espionage and sabotage ⓘ |
| jurisdiction | federal ⓘ |
| language | English ⓘ |
| legalDoctrine |
broad construction of war powers
ⓘ
judicial deference to the political branches in wartime ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
civil liberties during wartime
ⓘ
constitutionality of wartime curfew ⓘ scope of federal war powers ⓘ |
| longTermImpact | precedent for judicial deference in national security cases ⓘ |
| opinionType | unanimous opinion ⓘ |
| partOf | Hirabayashi v. United States NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| relatedCase |
Ex parte Endo
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Korematsu v. United States NERFINISHED ⓘ Yasui v. United States NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| relatesTo |
World War II
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
internment and restrictions on Japanese Americans ⓘ |
| resultedIn | affirmance of Gordon Hirabayashi’s conviction for violating the curfew ⓘ |
| standardOfReview | high deference to military judgments in wartime ⓘ |
| subsequentView | widely regarded as a low point in civil liberties jurisprudence ⓘ |
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Hirabayashi v. United States
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holding
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The Supreme Court held that the curfew order was a valid exercise of the war powers of Congress and the President.
ⓘ