Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution

E27807

commerce clause constitutional clause provision of the United States Constitution

Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, known as the Commerce Clause, grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with Native American tribes.

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All labels observed (4)

Label	Occurrences
Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution	2
Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution canonical	2
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution	2
Article I Section 8 Clause 3 of the United States Constitution	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T204754 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution
Context triple: [Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, constitutionalProvisionCited, Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution]

A. Article III, Section 1 of the United States Constitution
Article III, Section 1 of the United States Constitution is the provision that establishes the federal judiciary, including the Supreme Court, and guarantees life tenure and salary protection for federal judges.
B. Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution
Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution is the provision that requires each state to recognize and honor the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.
C. Necessary and Proper Clause
The Necessary and Proper Clause is a provision in the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the authority to enact laws needed to execute its enumerated powers, forming the basis for implied federal powers.
D. Article VI, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution
Article VI, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, known as the Supremacy Clause, establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land, overriding conflicting state laws.
E. Article II of the United States Constitution
Article II of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, defining the powers, duties, and election of the President and Vice President of the United States.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution
Target entity description: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, known as the Commerce Clause, grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with Native American tribes.

A. Article III, Section 1 of the United States Constitution
Article III, Section 1 of the United States Constitution is the provision that establishes the federal judiciary, including the Supreme Court, and guarantees life tenure and salary protection for federal judges.
B. Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution
Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution is the provision that requires each state to recognize and honor the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.
C. Necessary and Proper Clause
The Necessary and Proper Clause is a provision in the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the authority to enact laws needed to execute its enumerated powers, forming the basis for implied federal powers.
D. Article VI, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution
Article VI, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, known as the Supremacy Clause, establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land, overriding conflicting state laws.
E. Article II of the United States Constitution
Article II of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, defining the powers, duties, and election of the President and Vice President of the United States.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (51)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	commerce clause ⓘ constitutional clause ⓘ provision of the United States Constitution ⓘ
aimsToAddress	barriers to trade among the states ⓘ economic protectionism by individual states ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	Commerce Clause ⓘ
appliesTo	commerce with Native American tribes ⓘ economic activities crossing state lines ⓘ trade with foreign countries ⓘ
basisFor	broad federal regulatory power over the national economy ⓘ federal civil rights legislation ⓘ federal environmental regulation ⓘ federal labor regulation ⓘ federal regulation of transportation and communications ⓘ
citedIn	Gibbons v. Ogden ⓘ Gonzales v. Raich ⓘ Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States ⓘ United States v. Lopez ⓘ United States v. Morrison ⓘ Wickard v. Filburn ⓘ
componentConcept	Indian commerce ⓘ foreign commerce ⓘ interstate commerce ⓘ
effectiveSince	1789 ⓘ
empowers	Congress to regulate commerce among the several states ⓘ Congress to regulate commerce with Indian tribes ⓘ Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations ⓘ
grantsPowerTo	United States Congress ⓘ
hasDoctrine	Commerce Clause ⓘ surface form: dormant Commerce Clause Commerce Clause ⓘ surface form: negative Commerce Clause
hasInterpretiveEra	New Deal and post–New Deal broad interpretation of commerce power ⓘ Rehnquist Court limitations on commerce power ⓘ pre–New Deal narrow interpretation of commerce power ⓘ
historicalContext	drafted at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 ⓘ
interpretedBy	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ
jurisdictionalScope	national market regulation ⓘ
keyIssueIn	constitutional challenges to federal statutes ⓘ federalism disputes between federal and state governments ⓘ
legalDomain	United States economic regulation ⓘ federalism in the United States ⓘ separation of powers in the United States ⓘ
locatedInDocument	United States Constitution ⓘ
partOf	Article I of the United States Constitution ⓘ Section 8 of Article I of the United States Constitution ⓘ
primaryFunction	allocate power over interstate and foreign commerce to Congress ⓘ limit state regulation that burdens interstate commerce ⓘ
relatedTo	Necessary and Proper Clause ⓘ Supremacy Clause ⓘ Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ
subjectOf	constitutional law ⓘ
text	To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (7)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ

this entity surface form: Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution

Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States → constitutionalProvisionCited → Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ

Civil Rights Act of 1964 → constitutionalBasis → Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ

this entity surface form: Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution

Gibbons v. Ogden → constitutionalProvisionCited → Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ

this entity surface form: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution

Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ

this entity surface form: Article I Section 8 Clause 3 of the United States Constitution

Alfonso Lopez, Jr. → constitutionalProvisionInvolved → Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ

subject surface form: Alfonso Lopez Jr.

this entity surface form: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution

Opinion in Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852) → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ

All labels observed (4)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (51)

How these facts were elicited Show

Referenced by (7)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited