holding

P2237 predicate

Indicates that one entity is physically grasping, carrying, or keeping another entity in its possession or control.

Observed surface forms (1)

  • keeps ×3

Sample triples (401)

Subject Object
United States v. Darby Congress may regulate the employment of workers engaged in the production of goods for interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause ⓘ
United States v. Darby Fair Labor Standards Act ⓘ
surface form: The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 is a constitutional exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause
United States v. Lopez United States v. Lopez self-linksurface differs ⓘ
surface form: The Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 exceeds Congress’s authority under the Commerce Clause
United States v. Nixon A generalized interest in confidentiality does not justify withholding evidence in a criminal trial ⓘ
United States v. Nixon Courts have the authority to review claims of executive privilege ⓘ
United States v. Nixon United States v. Nixon self-linksurface differs ⓘ
surface form: President Nixon was required to comply with a subpoena duces tecum and produce tape recordings and documents
United States v. Nixon The President is not entitled to an absolute, unqualified executive privilege against judicial process in criminal proceedings ⓘ
United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion Virginia Military Institute’s male-only admissions policy violates the Equal Protection Clause ⓘ
United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion Virginia must show an exceedingly persuasive justification for gender-based classifications ⓘ
Van Orden v. Perry Passive monuments with religious content on government property can be constitutional depending on context and history ⓘ
Van Orden v. Perry The Ten Commandments monument on the Texas State Capitol grounds does not violate the Establishment Clause ⓘ
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. NRDC Courts may not require agencies to use particular rulemaking procedures such as cross-examination or discovery absent statutory command ⓘ
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. NRDC Reviewing courts may not impose additional procedural requirements on administrative agencies beyond those required by the Administrative Procedure Act or the agency’s organic statute or its own regulations ⓘ
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. NRDC The Administrative Procedure Act establishes the maximum as well as the minimum procedural requirements for informal rulemaking unless Congress provides otherwise ⓘ
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. Disproportionate racial impact alone, without proof of discriminatory intent, does not establish an equal protection violation. ⓘ
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. Evidence of discriminatory intent may be inferred from the totality of the relevant facts, including the historical background and sequence of events. ⓘ
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. Proof of racially discriminatory intent or purpose is required to show a violation of the Equal Protection Clause when a law is facially neutral. ⓘ
Ware v. Hylton a state law cannot nullify rights secured by a treaty of the United States ⓘ
Ware v. Hylton federal treaties override conflicting state laws ⓘ
Washington v. Davis A law or official act is not unconstitutional solely because it has a racially disproportionate impact. ⓘ
Washington v. Davis Disparate impact alone does not trigger strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause. ⓘ
Washington v. Davis Proof of discriminatory purpose is required to establish a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. ⓘ
Weeks v. United States Evidence obtained by federal officials through an unconstitutional search and seizure is inadmissible in federal criminal prosecutions. ⓘ
Weeks v. United States The exclusionary rule applies to federal courts under the Fourth Amendment. ⓘ
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette Compulsory flag salutes and pledge recitations violate the First Amendment. ⓘ
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette Officials may not prescribe what shall be orthodox in matters of opinion. ⓘ
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette The Right of Free Speech ⓘ
surface form: The Free Speech Clause protects the right not to speak.
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette The government may not compel public school students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance. ⓘ
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette The government may not compel public school students to salute the flag. ⓘ
Windsor v. United States (in part) Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional as a deprivation of the equal liberty of persons protected by the Fifth Amendment ⓘ
Windsor v. United States (in part) federal government must recognize same-sex marriages that are lawful under state law ⓘ
Windsor v. United States (in part) the Court had jurisdiction despite the Executive’s agreement with the lower court judgment ⓘ
Wisconsin v. Yoder Compulsory school attendance laws may not be applied in a manner that unduly burdens the free exercise of religion when the state cannot show a sufficiently compelling interest. ⓘ
Wisconsin v. Yoder Free Exercise Clause ⓘ
surface form: The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment prohibits the State of Wisconsin from compelling Amish parents to send their children to formal high school after the eighth grade.
Wolf v. Colorado The Fourth Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ
Wolf v. Colorado The exclusionary rule is not required by the Fourteenth Amendment as a remedy for Fourth Amendment violations by state officials ⓘ
Worcester v. Georgia Regulation of intercourse with Native American tribes is vested exclusively in the federal government ⓘ
Worcester v. Georgia States have no authority to impose their laws within the territorial boundaries of Native American nations ⓘ
Worcester v. Georgia Cherokee Nation (historical) ⓘ
surface form: The Cherokee Nation is a distinct community with self-government in which the laws of Georgia can have no force
Yamashita v. Styer commanders may be held responsible for failure to control troops ⓘ
Yamashita v. Styer military commission had lawful authority ⓘ
Yamashita v. Styer procedures of the commission did not violate the laws of war ⓘ
Yamashita v. Styer upheld conviction of Tomoyuki Yamashita ⓘ
Yick Wo v. Hopkins Equal protection of the laws applies to all persons within the jurisdiction, not only to citizens ⓘ
Yick Wo v. Hopkins Racially discriminatory enforcement of a facially neutral law violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris Public funds may be used for tuition at religious schools under a neutral program of private choice ⓘ
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris The Ohio school voucher program does not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment ⓘ
Zschernig v. Miller Oregon probate statute was unconstitutional as an intrusion into the federal government’s exclusive foreign relations power ⓘ
Zschernig v. Miller state law was invalid under the Foreign Affairs power even without a conflicting federal statute or treaty ⓘ
opinion in Texas v. Johnson Burning the American flag in political protest is expressive conduct protected by the First Amendment ⓘ