Gelbard v. United States
E331165
Gelbard v. United States is a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court case that addressed whether grand jury witnesses could refuse to answer questions based on the government's alleged illegal use of wiretap evidence.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Gelbard v. United States canonical | 1 |
| Gelbard v. United States, 408 U.S. 41 (1972) | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3148312 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Gelbard v. United States Context triple: [Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, hasBeenInterpretedIn, Gelbard v. United States]
-
A.
Abrams v. United States
Abrams v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of antiwar activists under federal law and is best known for Justice Holmes’s famous dissent articulating the “marketplace of ideas” concept in free speech jurisprudence.
-
B.
United States v. Eichman
United States v. Eichman is a 1990 U.S. Supreme Court case that struck down a federal law banning flag desecration as unconstitutional under the First Amendment’s protection of free speech.
-
C.
Rostker v. Goldberg
Rostker v. Goldberg is a 1981 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of requiring only men, and not women, to register for the military draft.
-
D.
Bond v. United States
Bond v. United States is a 2011 U.S. Supreme Court case that clarified an individual’s ability to raise Tenth Amendment challenges to federal statutes, reinforcing limits on federal power in favor of state sovereignty.
-
E.
Dennis v. United States
Dennis v. United States is a landmark 1951 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the convictions of Communist Party leaders under the Smith Act, significantly shaping First Amendment jurisprudence on speech advocating the overthrow of the government.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Gelbard v. United States Target entity description: Gelbard v. United States is a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court case that addressed whether grand jury witnesses could refuse to answer questions based on the government's alleged illegal use of wiretap evidence.
-
A.
Abrams v. United States
Abrams v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of antiwar activists under federal law and is best known for Justice Holmes’s famous dissent articulating the “marketplace of ideas” concept in free speech jurisprudence.
-
B.
United States v. Eichman
United States v. Eichman is a 1990 U.S. Supreme Court case that struck down a federal law banning flag desecration as unconstitutional under the First Amendment’s protection of free speech.
-
C.
Rostker v. Goldberg
Rostker v. Goldberg is a 1981 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of requiring only men, and not women, to register for the military draft.
-
D.
Bond v. United States
Bond v. United States is a 2011 U.S. Supreme Court case that clarified an individual’s ability to raise Tenth Amendment challenges to federal statutes, reinforcing limits on federal power in favor of state sovereignty.
-
E.
Dennis v. United States
Dennis v. United States is a landmark 1951 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the convictions of Communist Party leaders under the Smith Act, significantly shaping First Amendment jurisprudence on speech advocating the overthrow of the government.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court case
ⓘ
criminal procedure case ⓘ federal courts case ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
constitutional law
ⓘ
criminal law ⓘ criminal procedure ⓘ evidence law ⓘ |
| argued | 1972 ⓘ |
| bindingAuthorityIn |
all federal courts
ⓘ
all state courts on questions of federal law ⓘ |
| citation | 408 U.S. 41 ⓘ |
| citationStyle |
Gelbard v. United States
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Gelbard v. United States, 408 U.S. 41 (1972)
|
| concurringOpinionBy | Lewis F. Powell Jr. ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| courtType | court of last resort ⓘ |
| decidedIn | October Term 1971 ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 1972 ⓘ |
| dissentingOpinionBy |
Harry A. Blackmun
ⓘ
Warren E. Burger ⓘ William H. Rehnquist ⓘ |
| holding |
grand jury witnesses may invoke 18 U.S.C. § 2515 to refuse to answer questions based on unlawfully intercepted communications
ⓘ
witnesses cannot be held in contempt for refusing to answer questions derived from illegal wiretaps covered by § 2515 ⓘ |
| jurisdiction | federal ⓘ |
| language | English ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
grand jury procedure
ⓘ
interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 2515 ⓘ scope of witness privilege before a grand jury ⓘ use of illegally obtained evidence ⓘ wiretapping and electronic surveillance ⓘ |
| legalProvisionInterpreted |
18 U.S.C. § 2515
ⓘ
Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 ⓘ |
| majorityOpinionBy | William J. Brennan Jr. ⓘ |
| opinionType | majority opinion ⓘ |
| page | 41 ⓘ |
| petitioner | Gelbard ⓘ |
| proceduralPosture | appeal from contempt citations for refusal to answer grand jury questions ⓘ |
| questionPresented | whether grand jury witnesses may refuse to answer questions on the ground that they are based on illegal wiretaps barred by § 2515 ⓘ |
| relatedCase | Kastigar v. United States ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
exclusionary rule
ⓘ
statutory suppression of evidence ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
ⓘ
contempt of court ⓘ grand jury investigations ⓘ |
| reporter | United States Reports ⓘ |
| respondent |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| result | convictions for contempt of court were reversed ⓘ |
| subjectMatter | government use of wiretap evidence before a grand jury ⓘ |
| volume | 408 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Gelbard v. United States Description of subject: Gelbard v. United States is a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court case that addressed whether grand jury witnesses could refuse to answer questions based on the government's alleged illegal use of wiretap evidence.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
→
hasBeenInterpretedIn
→
Gelbard v. United States
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
Gelbard v. United States, 408 U.S. 41 (1972)