cyclophosphamide
E261829
Cyclophosphamide is a widely used alkylating chemotherapy and immunosuppressive drug commonly employed in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| cyclophosphamide canonical | 3 |
| melphalan | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2371043 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: cyclophosphamide Context triple: [Rituxan, oftenUsedWith, cyclophosphamide]
-
A.
Alimta
Alimta is a chemotherapy drug (pemetrexed) primarily used to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer.
-
B.
Xeloda
Xeloda is an oral chemotherapy drug (capecitabine) commonly used to treat various cancers, including colorectal and breast cancer.
-
C.
bortezomib
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor chemotherapy drug primarily used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and certain types of lymphoma.
-
D.
thalidomide
Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug historically known for causing severe birth defects, now used under strict controls to treat conditions such as multiple myeloma and complications of leprosy.
-
E.
methotrexate
Methotrexate is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and certain cancers by inhibiting folate-dependent cell proliferation.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: cyclophosphamide Target entity description: Cyclophosphamide is a widely used alkylating chemotherapy and immunosuppressive drug commonly employed in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases.
-
A.
Alimta
Alimta is a chemotherapy drug (pemetrexed) primarily used to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer.
-
B.
Xeloda
Xeloda is an oral chemotherapy drug (capecitabine) commonly used to treat various cancers, including colorectal and breast cancer.
-
C.
bortezomib
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor chemotherapy drug primarily used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and certain types of lymphoma.
-
D.
thalidomide
Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug historically known for causing severe birth defects, now used under strict controls to treat conditions such as multiple myeloma and complications of leprosy.
-
E.
methotrexate
Methotrexate is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and certain cancers by inhibiting folate-dependent cell proliferation.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (58)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
alkylating agent
ⓘ
chemotherapy drug ⓘ immunosuppressive drug ⓘ nitrogen mustard derivative ⓘ prodrug ⓘ |
| hasActiveMetabolite |
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide
ⓘ
phosphoramide mustard ⓘ |
| hasAdverseEffect |
alopecia
ⓘ
anemia ⓘ hemorrhagic cystitis ⓘ infertility ⓘ leukopenia ⓘ myelosuppression ⓘ nausea ⓘ secondary malignancies ⓘ thrombocytopenia ⓘ vomiting ⓘ |
| hasATCCode | L01AA01 ⓘ |
| hasBioavailability | 75–90% ⓘ |
| hasCASNumber | 50-18-0 ⓘ |
| hasEliminationHalfLife | 3–12 hours ⓘ |
| hasExcretion |
biliary
ⓘ
renal ⓘ |
| hasIUPACName | 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-oxide ⓘ |
| hasMechanismOfAction |
DNA alkylation
ⓘ
crosslinks DNA strands ⓘ inhibits DNA replication ⓘ suppresses B-cell function ⓘ suppresses T-cell function ⓘ |
| hasMetabolism | hepatic ⓘ |
| hasMolecularFormula | C7H15Cl2N2O2P ⓘ |
| hasPregnancyCategory | D ⓘ |
| hasProteinBinding | 20–50% ⓘ |
| hasRouteOfAdministration |
intravenous
ⓘ
oral ⓘ |
| hasToxicMetabolite | acrolein ⓘ |
| isActivatedIn | liver ⓘ |
| isContraindicatedIn |
severe bone marrow suppression
ⓘ
urinary outflow obstruction ⓘ |
| isListedOn | World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines ⓘ |
| isMetabolizedBy |
CYP2B6
ⓘ
CYP2C9 ⓘ CYP3A4 ⓘ |
| isPreventedBy | mesna for hemorrhagic cystitis ⓘ |
| isUsedForTreatmentOf |
Hodgkin lymphoma
ⓘ
acute lymphoblastic leukemia ⓘ breast cancer ⓘ chronic lymphocytic leukemia ⓘ granulomatosis with polyangiitis ⓘ microscopic polyangiitis ⓘ multiple myeloma ⓘ nephrotic syndrome ⓘ non-Hodgkin lymphoma ⓘ ovarian cancer ⓘ severe autoimmune diseases ⓘ severe rheumatoid arthritis ⓘ systemic lupus erythematosus ⓘ |
| wasIntroducedIn | 1950s ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: cyclophosphamide Description of subject: Cyclophosphamide is a widely used alkylating chemotherapy and immunosuppressive drug commonly employed in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
melphalan
subject surface form:
Docetaxel