Islamic civil wars

Target entity: Islamic civil wars
Context triple: [Battle of the Zab, partOf, Islamic civil wars]

• A. First Fitna
  The First Fitna was the first major civil war in early Islamic history, marked by political and religious conflicts over the rightful caliph following the assassination of Uthman and during the caliphate of Ali.
• B. Ridda Wars
  The Ridda Wars were a series of military campaigns launched by the early Rashidun Caliphate to suppress apostasy and rebellion in Arabia following the death of the Prophet Muhammad.
• C. European wars of religion
  The European wars of religion were a series of interconnected 16th- and 17th-century conflicts across Europe driven largely by the clash between Protestant and Catholic powers, reshaping the continent’s political and religious landscape.
• D. Catholic–Ottoman conflicts
  The Catholic–Ottoman conflicts were a series of military, political, and religious struggles between Catholic European powers and the Ottoman Empire that shaped control of the Mediterranean and southeastern Europe from the late Middle Ages into the early modern period.
• E. Umayyad–Abbasid conflict
  The Umayyad–Abbasid conflict was a protracted 8th-century power struggle in the early Islamic world that culminated in the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and the establishment of a new ruling dynasty.
• F. None of above. chosen
• G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

Target entity: Islamic civil wars
Target entity description: Islamic civil wars were a series of early internal conflicts within the Muslim community over political and religious leadership, including major struggles like the First and Second Fitna and the Abbasid–Umayyad power transition.

• A. First Fitna
  The First Fitna was the first major civil war in early Islamic history, marked by political and religious conflicts over the rightful caliph following the assassination of Uthman and during the caliphate of Ali.
• B. Ridda Wars
  The Ridda Wars were a series of military campaigns launched by the early Rashidun Caliphate to suppress apostasy and rebellion in Arabia following the death of the Prophet Muhammad.
• C. European wars of religion
  The European wars of religion were a series of interconnected 16th- and 17th-century conflicts across Europe driven largely by the clash between Protestant and Catholic powers, reshaping the continent’s political and religious landscape.
• D. Catholic–Ottoman conflicts
  The Catholic–Ottoman conflicts were a series of military, political, and religious struggles between Catholic European powers and the Ottoman Empire that shaped control of the Mediterranean and southeastern Europe from the late Middle Ages into the early modern period.
• E. Umayyad–Abbasid conflict
  The Umayyad–Abbasid conflict was a protracted 8th-century power struggle in the early Islamic world that culminated in the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and the establishment of a new ruling dynasty.
• F. None of above. chosen