Title IX

E19711

United States federal civil rights law anti-discrimination law education law

Title IX is a landmark U.S. federal civil rights law enacted in 1972 that prohibits sex-based discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

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All labels observed (13)

Label	Occurrences
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972	18
Title IX canonical	11
Title IX regulations	3
The Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve whether Title IX covers retaliation claims	1
Title IX era in sports	1
Title IX gender equity regulations	1
Title IX in the United States	1
Title IX is enforced through an implied private right of action for damages.	1
Title IX legislation	1
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (as enforced through coordination and review)	1
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (sex discrimination in education)	1
Title IX peer sexual harassment claims	1
Title IX regulations on athletics equity	1

Statements (50)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	United States federal civil rights law ⓘ anti-discrimination law ⓘ education law ⓘ
allows	administrative enforcement ⓘ private right of action ⓘ
appliesTo	K–12 schools ⓘ colleges ⓘ education activity receiving federal financial assistance ⓘ education program receiving federal financial assistance ⓘ educational institutions receiving federal financial assistance ⓘ private schools receiving federal funds ⓘ professional education programs ⓘ public schools ⓘ universities ⓘ vocational education programs ⓘ
codifiedIn	20 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq. ⓘ
country	United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
enactedBy	United States Congress ⓘ
enactmentDate	1972-06-23 ⓘ
enforcedBy	Office for Civil Rights ⓘ United States Department of Education ⓘ surface form: U.S. Department of Education federal agencies providing financial assistance ⓘ
fullName	Title IX self-linksurface differs ⓘ surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
influenced	equal opportunity in admissions ⓘ equal opportunity in financial aid ⓘ equal treatment in academic programs ⓘ gender equity in athletics ⓘ institutional policies on sexual harassment ⓘ
jurisdiction	federally funded educational institutions in the United States ⓘ
language	English ⓘ
legalBasis	Taxing and Spending Clause ⓘ surface form: Spending Clause of the U.S. Constitution
notableCase	Bostock v. Clayton County ⓘ surface form: Bostock v. Clayton County (interpretive influence on sex discrimination Cannon v. University of Chicago ⓘ Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education ⓘ Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools ⓘ Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District ⓘ Grove City College v. Bell ⓘ Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education ⓘ
partOf	Education Amendments of 1972 ⓘ
primaryGoal	eliminate sex-based discrimination in federally funded education ⓘ
prohibits	gender-based discrimination ⓘ pregnancy discrimination in education ⓘ retaliation for asserting Title IX rights ⓘ sex discrimination ⓘ sexual harassment in education ⓘ sexual violence in education ⓘ
sectionNumber	Title IX self-link ⓘ
signedBy	Richard Nixon ⓘ
signingPresident	Richard Nixon ⓘ
subjectMatter	sex equality in education ⓘ

Referenced by (42)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Rice Owls → genderEquityCompliance → Title IX ⓘ

Civil Rights Division → legalAuthority → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (as enforced through coordination and review)

NCAA women’s basketball → influencedBy → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX legislation

Title IX → fullName → Title IX self-linksurface differs ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Title IX → sectionNumber → Title IX self-link ⓘ

Office for Civil Rights → enforces → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Coordination and Review Section → legalBasis → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Federal Coordination and Compliance Section → appliesLaw → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 → influenced → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

WomenSportsFoundation → topic → Title IX ⓘ

All In: An Autobiography → subject → Title IX ⓘ

CRA 1964 → title → Title IX ⓘ

subject surface form: Civil Rights Act of 1964

Birch Bayh → sponsorOf → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Birch Bayh → notableWork → Title IX ⓘ

Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women → influencedBy → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

NCAA Division I women’s track and field teams → subjectTo → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX regulations

92nd United States Congress → passed → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Education Amendments of 1972 → containsTitle → Title IX ⓘ

Education Amendments of 1972 → titleIXCitation → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Education Amendments of 1972 → section → Title IX ⓘ

Education Amendments of 1972 → legalBasisFor → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX regulations on athletics equity

Cannon v. University of Chicago → statuteInterpreted → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Grove City College v. Bell → concernsStatute → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools → statuteInterpreted → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District → legalSubject → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District → legalPrinciple → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX is enforced through an implied private right of action for damages.

Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education → statuteInterpreted → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education → precedentFor → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX peer sexual harassment claims

Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education → statuteInterpreted → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education → proceduralHistory → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: The Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve whether Title IX covers retaliation claims

OCR → legalMandate → Title IX ⓘ

subject surface form: Office for Civil Rights

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Julie Foudy → advocatesFor → Title IX ⓘ

Public Law 88-352 → hasSection → Title IX ⓘ

United States federal education laws → includes → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Sum It Up → describes → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX era in sports

NDEA → containsTitle → Title IX ⓘ

The Hunting Ground → topic → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX in the United States

U.S. universities → subjectTo → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX regulations

NCAA Division II women's gymnastics → complianceRequirement → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX gender equity regulations

NCAA member institutions → follows → Title IX ⓘ

subject surface form: NCAA member institution

this entity surface form: Title IX regulations

NCAA women’s sports → relatedToPolicy → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Title IX – General Provisions → distinguishedFrom → Title IX ⓘ

this entity surface form: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (sex discrimination in education)