Cenozoic glaciations
E102229
Cenozoic glaciations are a series of major ice age cycles during the Cenozoic Era that saw extensive growth and retreat of continental ice sheets, profoundly shaping Earth’s climate and landscapes.
All labels observed (9)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Antarctic glaciation | 1 |
| Cenozoic glaciations canonical | 1 |
| Marine Isotope Stages 5d–2 | 1 |
| Mid-Miocene climate transition | 1 |
| Neoglaciation | 1 |
| Pleistocene glaciation | 1 |
| Quaternary glacial history of North America | 1 |
| Quaternary glaciation | 1 |
| Quaternary science | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T869933 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Cenozoic glaciations Context triple: [Cenozoic, includesEvent, Cenozoic glaciations]
-
A.
Wisconsin glaciation
The Wisconsin glaciation was the last major advance of continental ice sheets in North America during the Pleistocene, profoundly reshaping the continent’s landscapes and drainage systems.
-
B.
Pleistocene epoch
The Pleistocene epoch was a geological time period characterized by repeated ice ages, widespread glaciation, and the evolution and global spread of modern humans.
-
C.
Eocene–Oligocene climate transition
The Eocene–Oligocene climate transition was a major global cooling event around 34 million years ago that marked the shift from a greenhouse to an icehouse Earth, including the formation of large Antarctic ice sheets.
-
D.
Quaternary period
The Quaternary period is the most recent division of geologic time, characterized by repeated ice ages, the evolution and global spread of modern humans, and significant climatic fluctuations over the last 2.6 million years.
-
E.
Holocene climatic optimum
The Holocene climatic optimum was a warm period roughly 9,000–5,000 years ago when global temperatures, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, were higher than today, influencing the spread of forests and early human civilizations.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Cenozoic glaciations Target entity description: Cenozoic glaciations are a series of major ice age cycles during the Cenozoic Era that saw extensive growth and retreat of continental ice sheets, profoundly shaping Earth’s climate and landscapes.
-
A.
Wisconsin glaciation
The Wisconsin glaciation was the last major advance of continental ice sheets in North America during the Pleistocene, profoundly reshaping the continent’s landscapes and drainage systems.
-
B.
Pleistocene epoch
The Pleistocene epoch was a geological time period characterized by repeated ice ages, widespread glaciation, and the evolution and global spread of modern humans.
-
C.
Eocene–Oligocene climate transition
The Eocene–Oligocene climate transition was a major global cooling event around 34 million years ago that marked the shift from a greenhouse to an icehouse Earth, including the formation of large Antarctic ice sheets.
-
D.
Quaternary period
The Quaternary period is the most recent division of geologic time, characterized by repeated ice ages, the evolution and global spread of modern humans, and significant climatic fluctuations over the last 2.6 million years.
-
E.
Holocene climatic optimum
The Holocene climatic optimum was a warm period roughly 9,000–5,000 years ago when global temperatures, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, were higher than today, influencing the spread of forests and early human civilizations.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (52)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
glaciation event
ⓘ
paleoclimatic phenomenon ⓘ |
| causes |
deposition of glacial sediments
ⓘ
expansion of polar ice sheets ⓘ glacial erosion of continents ⓘ global cooling trend ⓘ isostatic crustal adjustment ⓘ sea-level fluctuations ⓘ |
| drivenBy |
Milankovitch cycles
ⓘ
changes in Earth’s orbital parameters ⓘ changes in ocean circulation ⓘ decline in atmospheric CO2 ⓘ tectonic uplift ⓘ |
| evidenceFrom |
glacial landforms
ⓘ
ice cores ⓘ marine sediment cores ⓘ oxygen isotope records ⓘ |
| hasPart |
Cenozoic glaciations
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Antarctic glaciation
Eocene–Oligocene climate transition ⓘ
surface form:
Eocene–Oligocene glaciation
Holocene glacial fluctuations ⓘ Late Cenozoic ice age ⓘ Miocene glaciations ⓘ Oligocene glaciations ⓘ Pleistocene glaciations ⓘ Pliocene glaciations ⓘ Cenozoic glaciations self-linksurface differs ⓘ
surface form:
Quaternary glaciation
|
| influences |
development of modern landscapes
ⓘ
distribution of species ⓘ evolution of terrestrial ecosystems ⓘ river drainage patterns ⓘ |
| mainLocation |
Alpine region
ⓘ
Antarctica ⓘ Fennoscandia ⓘ Greenland ⓘ Himalayan region ⓘ
surface form:
Himalaya region
Laurentia ⓘ Patagonia ⓘ |
| occursDuring |
Cenozoic
ⓘ
surface form:
Cenozoic Era
Neogene ⓘ
surface form:
Neogene Period
Paleogene ⓘ
surface form:
Paleogene Period
Quaternary period ⓘ
surface form:
Quaternary Period
|
| partOf |
Cenozoic
ⓘ
surface form:
Cenozoic Era
|
| significantEvent |
Eocene–Oligocene climate transition
ⓘ
Cenozoic glaciations self-linksurface differs ⓘ
surface form:
Mid-Miocene climate transition
growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets ⓘ intensification of Quaternary glaciation ⓘ onset of Antarctic ice sheet ⓘ |
| startTime |
Paleogene
ⓘ
surface form:
Paleogene Period
approximately 34 million years ago ⓘ |
| studiedIn |
Quaternary science
ⓘ
surface form:
Quaternary geology
glaciology ⓘ paleoclimatology ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Cenozoic glaciations Description of subject: Cenozoic glaciations are a series of major ice age cycles during the Cenozoic Era that saw extensive growth and retreat of continental ice sheets, profoundly shaping Earth’s climate and landscapes.
Referenced by (9)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Neoglaciation
this entity surface form:
Quaternary science
this entity surface form:
Quaternary glacial history of North America
this entity surface form:
Antarctic glaciation
this entity surface form:
Quaternary glaciation
this entity surface form:
Mid-Miocene climate transition
this entity surface form:
Pleistocene glaciation
this entity surface form:
Marine Isotope Stages 5d–2