law of large numbers

E141078

The law of large numbers is a fundamental theorem in probability theory stating that as the number of independent trials increases, the sample average converges to the expected value.

All labels observed (3)

How this entity was disambiguated

Statements (48)

Predicate Object
instanceOf law of large numbers variant
law of large numbers variant
limit theorem
probability theorem
statistical law
alsoKnownAs LLN
appliesTo independent identically distributed random variables
assumption finite variance in many standard forms
identical distribution of trials
independence of trials
category asymptotic result
clarifies long-run behavior does not predict short-term outcomes
concerns convergence of sample mean
long-run relative frequencies
convergenceType almost sure convergence
convergence in probability
field probability theory
statistics
focusesOn expected value
sample mean
formalizedIn measure-theoretic probability
formalStatementInvolves limits of sample means
probability measures
guarantees stabilization of averages with large sample size
hasForm strong law of large numbers
law of large numbers self-linksurface differs
surface form: weak law of large numbers
historicalContributor Andrei Kolmogorov
surface form: Andrey Kolmogorov

Jakob Bernoulli
surface form: Jacob Bernoulli

Émile Borel
implies empirical mean approximates theoretical mean
relative frequency approximates probability
isFoundationFor frequency-based probability interpretation
large-sample statistical theory
mathematicalObject sequence of random variables
misconception gambler's fallacy
relatesTo central limit theorem
ergodic theorem
requires existence of finite expected value
increasing number of trials
states sample average converges to expected value as number of trials increases
typicalExample repeated coin tosses
repeated dice rolls
usedIn Monte Carlo method
surface form: Monte Carlo methods

actuarial science
frequentist interpretation of probability
quality control
risk theory
statistical estimation

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (13)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Jakob Bernoulli notableConcept law of large numbers
CLT relatedTo law of large numbers
Monte Carlo method basedOn law of large numbers
Théorie analytique des probabilités topic law of large numbers
Bernoulli knownFor law of large numbers
subject surface form: Jakob Bernoulli
Bernoulli family knownFor law of large numbers
Bernoulli trials relatedTo law of large numbers
law of large numbers hasForm law of large numbers self-linksurface differs
this entity surface form: weak law of large numbers
Probability Theory usesConcept law of large numbers
subject surface form: Probability theory
The Doctrine of Chances contributedTo law of large numbers
Andrey Markov contributedTo law of large numbers
Khinchin's law of the iterated logarithm refines law of large numbers
this entity surface form: strong law of large numbers
Limit Laws for Sums of Independent Random Variables topic law of large numbers
this entity surface form: weak law of large numbers