United States courts of appeals

E1207

federal appellate court system intermediate appellate court

The United States courts of appeals are the federal intermediate appellate courts that review decisions from district courts and federal agencies before potential review by the Supreme Court.

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All labels observed (18)

Label	Occurrences
United States courts of appeals canonical	61
United States Courts of Appeals	21
U.S. courts of appeals	8
United States circuit courts	6
U.S. federal courts of appeals	3
U.S. Courts of Appeals	2
United States circuit courts of appeals	2
United States federal courts of appeals	2
United States federal courts of appeals system	2
Article III courts of the United States	1
United States Circuit Courts of Appeals	1
United States Court of Appeals	1
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces	1
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit	1
United States court of appeals	1
United States court of appeals for the relevant circuit	1
United States courts of appeals (in certain respects)	1
United States federal appellate courts	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T16913 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: United States courts of appeals
Context triple: [Supreme Court of the United States, appealsFrom, United States courts of appeals]

A. Supreme Court and lower courts
The Supreme Court and lower courts in Japan together constitute the nation’s independent judiciary, responsible for interpreting the constitution, applying laws, and resolving legal disputes.
B. Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the U.S. judiciary, serving as the final arbiter of constitutional and federal law.
C. Judiciary of Japan
The Judiciary of Japan is the independent court system headed by the Supreme Court that interprets and applies Japanese law, including the constitution, civil, and criminal statutes.
D. Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico is the highest judicial authority in Puerto Rico, responsible for interpreting the territory’s constitution and laws and overseeing its court system.
E. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court is the highest appellate court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, serving as its court of last resort and one of the oldest continuously functioning appellate courts in the United States.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: United States courts of appeals
Target entity description: The United States courts of appeals are the federal intermediate appellate courts that review decisions from district courts and federal agencies before potential review by the Supreme Court.

A. Supreme Court and lower courts
The Supreme Court and lower courts in Japan together constitute the nation’s independent judiciary, responsible for interpreting the constitution, applying laws, and resolving legal disputes.
B. Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the U.S. judiciary, serving as the final arbiter of constitutional and federal law.
C. Judiciary of Japan
The Judiciary of Japan is the independent court system headed by the Supreme Court that interprets and applies Japanese law, including the constitution, civil, and criminal statutes.
D. Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico is the highest judicial authority in Puerto Rico, responsible for interpreting the territory’s constitution and laws and overseeing its court system.
E. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court is the highest appellate court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, serving as its court of last resort and one of the oldest continuously functioning appellate courts in the United States.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (49)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	federal appellate court system ⓘ intermediate appellate court ⓘ
above	United States district courts ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	United States courts of appeals ⓘ surface form: U.S. courts of appeals circuit courts ⓘ federal courts of appeals ⓘ
appealsTo	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ
appointingAuthority	President of the United States ⓘ
below	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ
bindingPrecedentFor	United States district courts within the same circuit ⓘ
composition	panels of three judges in most cases ⓘ
constitutionalBasis	Article III ⓘ surface form: Article III of the United States Constitution
country	United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
dateEstablished	1891 ⓘ
decides	appeals as of right ⓘ
establishedBy	United States Congress ⓘ surface form: Congress of the United States
governingLaw	Judiciary Act of 1891 ⓘ
hasSpecializedCourt	United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ⓘ
hasSubdivision	regional circuits ⓘ specialized circuit ⓘ
includes	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ⓘ United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ⓘ
judgesConfirmedBy	United States Senate ⓘ
judgesTerm	during good behavior ⓘ
jurisdiction	appeals from United States district courts ⓘ appeals from certain federal administrative agencies ⓘ federal question cases ⓘ
levelInSystem	intermediate appellate level ⓘ
location	various regional circuits across the United States ⓘ
mayIssue	published opinions ⓘ unpublished opinions ⓘ
maySitEnBanc	yes ⓘ
numberOfCourts	13 ⓘ
partOf	federal judiciary of the United States ⓘ
primaryFunction	error correction ⓘ
reviews	decisions of United States district courts ⓘ decisions of federal agencies ⓘ
secondaryFunction	law declaration and precedent setting ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (116)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

United States Attorneys → appearsBefore → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

subject surface form: United States Attorney

this entity surface form: United States Court of Appeals

Evarts Act → created → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure for appeals from district courts → governsAppealsTo → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Appellate Section → appearsIn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Board of Immigration Appeals → canBeReviewedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. federal courts of appeals

T.C. → appealsTo → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

subject surface form: United States Tax Court

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Fourth federal judicial circuit → partOf → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States federal courts of appeals system

Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982 → appliesTo → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: Article III courts of the United States

AOUSC → supportsBody → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Article I – General Provisions → appliesIn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Article II – Judicial Notice → appliesIn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Article III – Presumptions in Civil Cases → interpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Article V – Privileges → bindingOn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Article XI – Miscellaneous Rules → isInterpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States federal courts of appeals

Federal Reporter → coversCourt → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Federal Appendix → coversCourtType → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. courts of appeals

CA9 → partOf → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

CA7 → partOf → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States federal courts of appeals system

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Reorganization Act of 1980 → appliesToCourtLevel → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Public Law 61-475 → appliesTo → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Federal Equity Rules of 1912 → appliesIn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States circuit courts of appeals

Rule 8 → interpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Rule 56 → interpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. Courts of Appeals

United States sovereign immunity law → interpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 → interpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. federal courts of appeals

Appellate Staff of the Civil Division → courtLevel → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. courts of appeals

Commercial Litigation Branch of the Civil Division → litigatesIn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. courts of appeals

United States in litigation involving Indian tribes → canAppearIn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice → litigatesIn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Article IV territorial court → subjectToReviewBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Judge Carolyn B. McHugh → isPartOf → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

subject surface form: Carolyn B. McHugh

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Judiciary Act of 1869 → appliedTo → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States circuit courts

Judiciary Act of 1869 → appliesToCourt → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States circuit courts

Judge Mary Beck Briscoe → partOf → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

subject surface form: Mary Beck Briscoe

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

White Court → hasJurisdictionOver → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States federal courts of appeals

United States Attorneys’ Offices appellate units → appearsBefore → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

Inferior Tribunals Clause → constitutionalBasisFor → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

United States taxation and revenue case law → developedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit → levelOfCourt → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States court of appeals

BIA → appealTo → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

subject surface form: Board of Immigration Appeals

Judiciary Act of 1801 → reorganizedBody → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States circuit courts

SCA → hasBeenInterpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

subject surface form: Stored Communications Act

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Rule 405 → bindingOn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States federal appellate courts

Rule 414 → interpretedBy → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

Rule 902 → bindingOn → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

F.2d → coversCourt → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. federal courts of appeals

United States state courts → distinctFrom → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

F. → associatedWithCourtLevel → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Courts of Appeals

F. → associatedWithCourtLevel → United States courts of appeals ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States Circuit Courts of Appeals

All labels observed (18)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (49)

How these facts were elicited Show

Referenced by (116)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited