London equations
E8659
The London equations are fundamental relations in superconductivity that describe how magnetic fields behave inside superconductors, capturing key features like the Meissner effect and zero electrical resistance.
All labels observed (4)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| London equations canonical | 6 |
| London equations describing superconductivity | 1 |
| London equations of superconductivity | 1 |
| first London equation | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T100414 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: London equations Context triple: [BCS theory of superconductivity, relatedTo, London equations]
-
A.
Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations are the fundamental set of four equations in classical electromagnetism that describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and interact with charges and currents.
-
B.
BCS theory of superconductivity
The BCS theory of superconductivity is a fundamental microscopic theory that explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons and their collective quantum behavior in a solid.
-
C.
Fokker–Planck equation
The Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of a stochastic (random) process, such as Brownian motion.
-
D.
Navier–Stokes equations
The Navier–Stokes equations are fundamental partial differential equations in fluid mechanics that describe how the velocity field of a fluid evolves under forces like pressure and viscosity.
-
E.
Einstein–Smoluchowski relation
The Einstein–Smoluchowski relation is a fundamental equation in statistical physics that links the diffusion coefficient of particles undergoing Brownian motion to their mobility and thermal energy.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: London equations Target entity description: The London equations are fundamental relations in superconductivity that describe how magnetic fields behave inside superconductors, capturing key features like the Meissner effect and zero electrical resistance.
-
A.
Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations are the fundamental set of four equations in classical electromagnetism that describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and interact with charges and currents.
-
B.
BCS theory of superconductivity
The BCS theory of superconductivity is a fundamental microscopic theory that explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons and their collective quantum behavior in a solid.
-
C.
Fokker–Planck equation
The Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of a stochastic (random) process, such as Brownian motion.
-
D.
Navier–Stokes equations
The Navier–Stokes equations are fundamental partial differential equations in fluid mechanics that describe how the velocity field of a fluid evolves under forces like pressure and viscosity.
-
E.
Einstein–Smoluchowski relation
The Einstein–Smoluchowski relation is a fundamental equation in statistical physics that links the diffusion coefficient of particles undergoing Brownian motion to their mobility and thermal energy.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (43)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
set of equations
ⓘ
theoretical model in superconductivity ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs | London theory ⓘ |
| appliesTo | bulk superconductors ⓘ |
| approximates | low-frequency response of superconductors ⓘ |
| assumes |
constant density of superconducting carriers
ⓘ
rigid macroscopic quantum phase of superconducting wavefunction ⓘ superconducting carriers move without scattering ⓘ |
| captures | zero electrical resistance in superconductors ⓘ |
| category | electrodynamics of superconductors ⓘ |
| consistsOf |
first London equation
ⓘ
second London equation ⓘ |
| describes |
behavior of magnetic fields in superconductors
ⓘ
electromagnetic response of superconductors ⓘ |
| explains |
Meissner effect
ⓘ
perfect diamagnetism of superconductors ⓘ |
| extendedBy | Pippard nonlocal theory ⓘ |
| field | superconductivity ⓘ |
| formulatedBy |
Fritz London
ⓘ
Heinz London ⓘ |
| frameworkFor | understanding London penetration depth measurements ⓘ |
| implies | exponential decay of magnetic field inside a superconductor ⓘ |
| inspiredBy |
Meissner effect
ⓘ
surface form:
Meissner–Ochsenfeld experiment
|
| introduces | London penetration depth ⓘ |
| mathematicallyExpressedAs |
supercurrent proportional to vector potential
ⓘ
time derivative of supercurrent proportional to electric field ⓘ |
| namedAfter |
Fritz London
ⓘ
Heinz London ⓘ |
| neglects | nonlocal electrodynamic effects ⓘ |
| precedes |
BCS theory of superconductivity
ⓘ
surface form:
BCS theory
|
| predicts |
finite penetration depth of magnetic fields in superconductors
ⓘ
surface screening currents in superconductors ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity
ⓘ
surface form:
Ginzburg–Landau theory
|
| relates |
superconducting carrier density to penetration depth
ⓘ
supercurrent density to electromagnetic fields ⓘ |
| usedIn |
analysis of magnetic field screening
ⓘ
analysis of type I superconductors ⓘ derivation of flux expulsion in superconductors ⓘ design of superconducting magnets ⓘ modeling of superconducting shielding ⓘ phenomenological description of superconductors ⓘ |
| validFor | local electrodynamics of superconductors ⓘ |
| yearProposed | 1935 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: London equations Description of subject: The London equations are fundamental relations in superconductivity that describe how magnetic fields behave inside superconductors, capturing key features like the Meissner effect and zero electrical resistance.
Referenced by (9)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
London equations of superconductivity
this entity surface form:
London equations describing superconductivity
this entity surface form:
first London equation