Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours
E529765
The Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours are a set of curves that describe how the human ear’s sensitivity to sound varies with frequency and sound pressure level, forming the basis for understanding perceived loudness in acoustics and audio engineering.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Fletcher–Munson curves | 1 |
| Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T5545845 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours Context triple: [Harvey Fletcher, knownFor, Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours]
-
A.
Sabine reverberation formula
The Sabine reverberation formula is a foundational equation in architectural acoustics that relates a room’s reverberation time to its volume and total sound-absorbing surface.
-
B.
The Science of Musical Sound
The Science of Musical Sound is a book by engineer and acoustics researcher John R. Pierce that explains the physical and perceptual principles underlying how music and sound are produced, transmitted, and heard.
-
C.
Dolby A-type noise reduction
Dolby A-type noise reduction is a professional analog audio noise reduction system developed by Dolby Laboratories to reduce tape hiss in recording and film sound.
-
D.
Dolby B noise reduction
Dolby B noise reduction is a consumer-oriented analog tape noise reduction system designed to reduce high-frequency hiss on cassette recordings while maintaining compatibility with standard playback equipment.
-
E.
Dolby C noise reduction
Dolby C noise reduction is an advanced analog cassette noise-reduction system developed by Dolby Laboratories that provides greater high-frequency noise reduction and dynamic range improvement than the earlier Dolby B system.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours Target entity description: The Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours are a set of curves that describe how the human ear’s sensitivity to sound varies with frequency and sound pressure level, forming the basis for understanding perceived loudness in acoustics and audio engineering.
-
A.
Sabine reverberation formula
The Sabine reverberation formula is a foundational equation in architectural acoustics that relates a room’s reverberation time to its volume and total sound-absorbing surface.
-
B.
The Science of Musical Sound
The Science of Musical Sound is a book by engineer and acoustics researcher John R. Pierce that explains the physical and perceptual principles underlying how music and sound are produced, transmitted, and heard.
-
C.
Dolby A-type noise reduction
Dolby A-type noise reduction is a professional analog audio noise reduction system developed by Dolby Laboratories to reduce tape hiss in recording and film sound.
-
D.
Dolby B noise reduction
Dolby B noise reduction is a consumer-oriented analog tape noise reduction system designed to reduce high-frequency hiss on cassette recordings while maintaining compatibility with standard playback equipment.
-
E.
Dolby C noise reduction
Dolby C noise reduction is an advanced analog cassette noise-reduction system developed by Dolby Laboratories that provides greater high-frequency noise reduction and dynamic range improvement than the earlier Dolby B system.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
acoustics concept
ⓘ
equal-loudness contour set ⓘ psychoacoustic model ⓘ |
| appliesTo | normal-hearing human listeners ⓘ |
| assumes |
binaural listening
ⓘ
free-field listening conditions ⓘ |
| basisFor |
A-weighting
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
B-weighting NERFINISHED ⓘ C-weighting NERFINISHED ⓘ loudness compensation in audio equipment ⓘ loudness weighting curves ⓘ perceived loudness calculations ⓘ |
| characterizes | human ear sensitivity as a function of frequency ⓘ |
| describes |
frequency-dependent sensitivity of human hearing
ⓘ
relationship between sound pressure level and perceived loudness ⓘ |
| developedAt | Bell Telephone Laboratories NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| developedBy |
Harvey Fletcher
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Wildon Munson NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| field |
acoustics
ⓘ
audio engineering ⓘ psychoacoustics ⓘ |
| graphAxis |
equal loudness level in phons
ⓘ
frequency ⓘ sound pressure level ⓘ |
| namedAfter |
Harvey Fletcher
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Wildon Munson NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| publicationYear | 1933 ⓘ |
| refinedBy | Robinson–Dadson equal-loudness contours NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
critical band
ⓘ
masking in hearing ⓘ phon scale ⓘ sone scale NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| represents | curves of equal perceived loudness ⓘ |
| shows |
highest sensitivity around 2 kHz to 5 kHz
ⓘ
reduced human sensitivity at very high frequencies ⓘ reduced human sensitivity at very low frequencies ⓘ |
| standardizedAs | precursor to ISO 226 ⓘ |
| supersededBy | ISO 226 equal-loudness contours ⓘ |
| usedIn |
audio mastering
ⓘ
audio system design ⓘ hearing research ⓘ loudness normalization algorithms ⓘ noise assessment ⓘ sound level meter weighting ⓘ |
| usesUnit |
decibel sound pressure level
ⓘ
hertz ⓘ phon ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours Description of subject: The Fletcher–Munson equal-loudness contours are a set of curves that describe how the human ear’s sensitivity to sound varies with frequency and sound pressure level, forming the basis for understanding perceived loudness in acoustics and audio engineering.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Fletcher–Munson curves