GCM
E171106
GCM (Galois/Counter Mode) is an authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers that provides both data confidentiality and integrity with high performance and parallelizability.
All labels observed (2)
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1500536 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: GCM Context triple: [Advanced Encryption Standard, modeOfOperation, GCM]
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A.
GCMG
GCMG is the highest class of the Order of St Michael and St George, a British order of chivalry typically awarded to senior diplomats and officials for distinguished service in foreign affairs or overseas.
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B.
RCS
RCS (Rich Communication Services) is a modern messaging protocol designed to replace SMS by supporting features like read receipts, high-quality media sharing, and enhanced group chats over mobile data.
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C.
Google Messages
Google Messages is Google's default SMS, RCS, and chat messaging app for Android that supports rich media, group chats, and end-to-end encryption for certain conversations.
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D.
Google Duo
Google Duo is a high-quality video and voice calling app developed by Google for simple, reliable one-to-one and group communication across mobile and web platforms.
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E.
GAC
The GAC is a committee within the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) that provides governments and intergovernmental organizations with a formal voice in global internet governance and policy development.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: GCM Target entity description: GCM (Galois/Counter Mode) is an authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers that provides both data confidentiality and integrity with high performance and parallelizability.
-
A.
GCMG
GCMG is the highest class of the Order of St Michael and St George, a British order of chivalry typically awarded to senior diplomats and officials for distinguished service in foreign affairs or overseas.
-
B.
RCS
RCS (Rich Communication Services) is a modern messaging protocol designed to replace SMS by supporting features like read receipts, high-quality media sharing, and enhanced group chats over mobile data.
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C.
RCS
RCS is a leading conservatoire in Glasgow, Scotland, offering specialist education in music, drama, dance, production, and film.
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D.
Google Messages
Google Messages is Google's default SMS, RCS, and chat messaging app for Android that supports rich media, group chats, and end-to-end encryption for certain conversations.
-
E.
Google Duo
Google Duo is a high-quality video and voice calling app developed by Google for simple, reliable one-to-one and group communication across mobile and web platforms.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
authenticated encryption mode
ⓘ
block cipher mode of operation ⓘ |
| abbreviation | GCM ⓘ |
| advantage |
combined encryption and authentication
ⓘ
hardware efficiency ⓘ high degree of parallelism ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs |
GCM
ⓘ
surface form:
GCM mode
|
| authenticationStructure | GHASH ⓘ |
| basedOn | Galois field multiplication ⓘ |
| category | AEAD scheme ⓘ |
| commonlyUsedIn |
IPsec
ⓘ
SSH ⓘ TLS ⓘ disk encryption ⓘ |
| comparedWith | CCM ⓘ |
| designedFor |
high performance
ⓘ
low latency ⓘ |
| encryptionStructure | counter mode ⓘ |
| operatesOn | 128-bit block ciphers ⓘ |
| outputs |
authentication tag
ⓘ
ciphertext ⓘ |
| protects | associated data ⓘ |
| provides |
authentication
ⓘ
data confidentiality ⓘ data integrity ⓘ |
| requires | unique nonce per key ⓘ |
| securityDependsOn | underlying block cipher security ⓘ |
| standardizedBy |
National Institute of Standards and Technology
ⓘ
surface form:
NIST
|
| standardizedIn | NIST SP 800-38D ⓘ |
| supports |
parallelizable authentication
ⓘ
parallelizable encryption ⓘ streaming of data blocks ⓘ |
| supportsKeySize |
128-bit
ⓘ
192-bit ⓘ 256-bit ⓘ |
| supportsTagLength |
104-bit
ⓘ
112-bit ⓘ 120-bit ⓘ 128-bit ⓘ 32-bit (optional) ⓘ 64-bit (optional) ⓘ 96-bit ⓘ |
| typicallyUses |
Advanced Encryption Standard
ⓘ
surface form:
AES
|
| uses | block cipher ⓘ |
| usesNonceLength | 96-bit (recommended) ⓘ |
| vulnerableIf | nonce is reused with same key ⓘ |
| yearStandardized | 2007 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: GCM Description of subject: GCM (Galois/Counter Mode) is an authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers that provides both data confidentiality and integrity with high performance and parallelizability.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Galois/Counter Mode
this entity surface form:
GCM mode