Snowden leaks
E453947
The Snowden leaks were a series of revelations by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden that exposed extensive global surveillance programs run by the U.S. and its allies, sparking worldwide debates over privacy, security, and government transparency.
Statements (93)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
intelligence leak
ⓘ
mass surveillance disclosure ⓘ political scandal ⓘ whistleblowing case ⓘ |
| approximateDocumentCount | thousands of documents ⓘ |
| characterizedAs | unprecedented in scope of intelligence disclosures ⓘ |
| disclosedBy | Edward Snowden NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| documentType |
PowerPoint presentations
ⓘ
classified NSA documents ⓘ internal NSA reports ⓘ |
| firstPublishedIn |
The Guardian
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
The Washington Post NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| hasConsequence |
asylum for Edward Snowden in Russia
ⓘ
diplomatic tensions between the United States and allies ⓘ expansion of privacy advocacy movements ⓘ public criticism of NSA and GCHQ ⓘ renewed focus on whistleblower protections ⓘ strained U.S.–Germany relations ⓘ |
| hasTheme |
civil liberties
ⓘ
digital rights ⓘ government transparency ⓘ national security ⓘ privacy ⓘ whistleblowing ⓘ |
| influenced |
European Court of Justice rulings on data transfer
ⓘ
international data protection debates ⓘ public understanding of digital surveillance ⓘ technology company data protection policies ⓘ |
| involvesCountry |
Australia
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Brazil NERFINISHED ⓘ Canada NERFINISHED ⓘ Germany NERFINISHED ⓘ New Zealand NERFINISHED ⓘ Russia NERFINISHED ⓘ United Kingdom NERFINISHED ⓘ United States NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| involvesOrganization |
Five Eyes
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Government Communications Headquarters NERFINISHED ⓘ National Security Agency NERFINISHED ⓘ United States government NERFINISHED ⓘ United States intelligence community NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| ledTo |
USA FREEDOM Act
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
changes in technology company encryption practices ⓘ greater transparency reports by tech companies ⓘ increased adoption of end-to-end encryption ⓘ |
| legalBasisContested |
Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act
ⓘ
Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| locationOfFirstPublication |
United Kingdom
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
United States NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| mainProtagonist | Edward Snowden NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| mediaCoverageBy |
Der Spiegel
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
El País NERFINISHED ⓘ Globo NERFINISHED ⓘ Le Monde NERFINISHED ⓘ O Globo NERFINISHED ⓘ The Guardian NERFINISHED ⓘ The Intercept NERFINISHED ⓘ The New York Times NERFINISHED ⓘ The Washington Post NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| notableJournalist |
Barton Gellman
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Glenn Greenwald NERFINISHED ⓘ Laura Poitras NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| opposedBy |
Obama administration officials
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
U.S. intelligence officials ⓘ |
| publicReaction |
criticism of Snowden as a traitor by some officials
ⓘ
support for Edward Snowden as a whistleblower ⓘ worldwide protests against mass surveillance ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Chelsea Manning disclosures
ⓘ
NSA warrantless surveillance controversy NERFINISHED ⓘ WikiLeaks NERFINISHED ⓘ global surveillance disclosures ⓘ |
| revealedPractice |
bulk internet communications surveillance
ⓘ
cooperation between intelligence agencies and technology companies ⓘ mass collection of telephone metadata ⓘ surveillance of foreign leaders ⓘ tapping of undersea fiber-optic cables ⓘ warrantless surveillance of U.S. persons ⓘ |
| revealedProgram |
Boundless Informant
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Bullrun NERFINISHED ⓘ MUSCULAR NERFINISHED ⓘ PRISM NERFINISHED ⓘ Tempora NERFINISHED ⓘ Upstream collection ⓘ XKeyscore NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| startTime |
2013
ⓘ
June 2013 ⓘ |
| supportedBy |
civil liberties organizations
ⓘ
many technology experts ⓘ privacy advocacy groups ⓘ |
| timePeriod | 2013–2014 ⓘ |
| triggeredEvent |
global debate on privacy and surveillance
ⓘ
legal challenges to NSA surveillance programs ⓘ reforms of U.S. surveillance law ⓘ |
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.