X-ray crystallography
E399656
X-ray crystallography is an experimental technique that determines the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials by analyzing the pattern of X-rays diffracted through their crystal lattice.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| X-ray crystallography canonical | 11 |
| X-ray diffraction | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3933612 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: X-ray crystallography Context triple: [John Desmond Bernal, fieldOfWork, X-ray crystallography]
-
A.
X-rays and Crystal Structure
"X-rays and Crystal Structure" is a foundational scientific work by Lawrence Bragg that explains how X-ray diffraction can be used to determine the atomic structure of crystals.
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B.
X-ray diffraction images of DNA
X-ray diffraction images of DNA are high-resolution photographic patterns that revealed the helical structure of DNA and were crucial in determining its double-helix model.
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C.
Acta Crystallographica Section D
Acta Crystallographica Section D is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on biological crystallography, including the structure determination and analysis of biological macromolecules.
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D.
Crystallographic Information Framework
The Crystallographic Information Framework is a standardized data format and ontology used worldwide for representing, exchanging, and archiving crystallographic and related structural science data.
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E.
Acta Crystallographica Section F
Acta Crystallographica Section F is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on rapid publication of structural biology and crystallography research, particularly macromolecular crystal structures and related methods.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: X-ray crystallography Target entity description: X-ray crystallography is an experimental technique that determines the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials by analyzing the pattern of X-rays diffracted through their crystal lattice.
-
A.
X-rays and Crystal Structure
"X-rays and Crystal Structure" is a foundational scientific work by Lawrence Bragg that explains how X-ray diffraction can be used to determine the atomic structure of crystals.
-
B.
X-ray diffraction images of DNA
X-ray diffraction images of DNA are high-resolution photographic patterns that revealed the helical structure of DNA and were crucial in determining its double-helix model.
-
C.
Acta Crystallographica Section D
Acta Crystallographica Section D is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on biological crystallography, including the structure determination and analysis of biological macromolecules.
-
D.
Crystallographic Information Framework
The Crystallographic Information Framework is a standardized data format and ontology used worldwide for representing, exchanging, and archiving crystallographic and related structural science data.
-
E.
Acta Crystallographica Section F
Acta Crystallographica Section F is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on rapid publication of structural biology and crystallography research, particularly macromolecular crystal structures and related methods.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (52)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
diffraction technique
ⓘ
experimental technique ⓘ structure determination method ⓘ |
| analyzes | X-ray diffraction patterns ⓘ |
| basedOn |
elastic scattering of X-rays
ⓘ
wave interference ⓘ |
| canAchieve |
atomic resolution
ⓘ
sub-angstrom resolution ⓘ |
| canDetermine |
atomic positions
ⓘ
bond angles ⓘ bond lengths ⓘ thermal motion parameters ⓘ |
| competesWith |
NMR spectroscopy for structure determination
ⓘ
cryo-electron microscopy ⓘ |
| determines |
atomic structure
ⓘ
molecular structure ⓘ |
| developedInPeriod | early 20th century ⓘ |
| enabled |
determination of DNA double helix structure
ⓘ
determination of protein structures ⓘ drug design based on target structures ⓘ |
| field | crystallography ⓘ |
| hasChallenge | phase problem ⓘ |
| mayUse |
cryogenic cooling
ⓘ
synchrotron radiation sources ⓘ |
| pioneeredBy |
Max von Laue
ⓘ
William Henry Bragg ⓘ Lawrence Bragg ⓘ
surface form:
William Lawrence Bragg
|
| produces |
crystal structure model
ⓘ
electron density map ⓘ |
| reliesOn |
Bragg diffraction
ⓘ
crystal lattice periodicity ⓘ |
| requires |
X-ray detector
ⓘ
crystal mounting ⓘ data processing software ⓘ monochromatic X-ray beam ⓘ single crystal sample ⓘ |
| studies | crystalline materials ⓘ |
| usedIn |
biochemistry
ⓘ
chemistry ⓘ materials science ⓘ mineralogy ⓘ pharmacology ⓘ solid-state physics ⓘ structural biology ⓘ |
| uses |
Bragg's law
ⓘ
Fourier transform ⓘ X-rays ⓘ anomalous dispersion ⓘ isomorphous replacement ⓘ molecular replacement ⓘ phase determination methods ⓘ structure factor calculations ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: X-ray crystallography Description of subject: X-ray crystallography is an experimental technique that determines the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials by analyzing the pattern of X-rays diffracted through their crystal lattice.
Referenced by (12)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Lawrence Bragg
this entity surface form:
X-ray diffraction