European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)

E353361

WTO dispute health protection dispute trade dispute

European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) is a landmark WTO dispute in which the Appellate Body ruled on the legality of the EU’s ban on hormone-treated beef under international trade and health protection rules.

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All labels observed (4)

Label	Occurrences
EC – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)	1
European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) canonical	1
European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) – Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU	1
European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) – Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3389720 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)
Context triple: [WTO Appellate Body, notableCase, European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)]

A. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001
Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 is an EU law that sets out data protection rules for the processing of personal data by EU institutions and bodies.
B. Council Directive 92/43/EEC
Council Directive 92/43/EEC is a key European Union law on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora, forming one of the main pillars of EU nature protection policy.
C. Combined Nomenclature of the European Union
The Combined Nomenclature of the European Union is the EU’s detailed tariff and statistical classification system for goods used in customs declarations and trade statistics.
D. Regulation (EC) No 851/2004
Regulation (EC) No 851/2004 is the EU law that established the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and defined its mandate, structure, and functions in coordinating infectious disease surveillance and control across member states.
E. Regulation (EC) No 294/2008
Regulation (EC) No 294/2008 is the EU legislative act that established the European Institute of Innovation and Technology and set out its mission, structure, and operating framework.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)
Target entity description: European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) is a landmark WTO dispute in which the Appellate Body ruled on the legality of the EU’s ban on hormone-treated beef under international trade and health protection rules.

A. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001
Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 is an EU law that sets out data protection rules for the processing of personal data by EU institutions and bodies.
B. Council Directive 92/43/EEC
Council Directive 92/43/EEC is a key European Union law on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora, forming one of the main pillars of EU nature protection policy.
C. Combined Nomenclature of the European Union
The Combined Nomenclature of the European Union is the EU’s detailed tariff and statistical classification system for goods used in customs declarations and trade statistics.
D. Regulation (EC) No 851/2004
Regulation (EC) No 851/2004 is the EU law that established the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and defined its mandate, structure, and functions in coordinating infectious disease surveillance and control across member states.
E. Regulation (EC) No 294/2008
Regulation (EC) No 294/2008 is the EU legislative act that established the European Institute of Innovation and Technology and set out its mission, structure, and operating framework.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (51)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	WTO dispute ⓘ health protection dispute ⓘ trade dispute ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	EC – Hormones ⓘ European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) ⓘ surface form: EC – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)
appellateBodyReportAdopted	1998 ⓘ
complainant	Canada ⓘ United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
foundInconsistentWith	SPS Agreement Article 3.3 ⓘ SPS Agreement ⓘ surface form: SPS Agreement Article 5.1
GATTArticlesInvolved	Article III ⓘ Article XI ⓘ Article XX(b) ⓘ
geographicalScope	European Communities beef market ⓘ
hormonesConcerned	estradiol-17β ⓘ melengestrol acetate ⓘ progesterone ⓘ testosterone ⓘ trenbolone acetate ⓘ zeranol ⓘ
keyIssue	equivalence and harmonization of SPS measures ⓘ relationship between scientific evidence and precaution in SPS measures ⓘ requirement of risk assessment for SPS measures ⓘ scope of Article 5.7 SPS Agreement ⓘ
legalBasisChallenged	Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ⓘ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ⓘ surface form: GATT 1994
measureChallenged	EC Council Directive 96/22/EC ⓘ EC Council Directive 96/22/EC ⓘ surface form: EC Council Directive 96/23/EC
organization	World Trade Organization ⓘ
panelEstablished	1996 ⓘ
panelReportCirculated	1997 ⓘ
policyArea	food safety regulation ⓘ international trade law ⓘ
principleClarified	burden of proof in SPS disputes ⓘ meaning of "based on" international standards in SPS Article 3 ⓘ standard of review for scientific risk assessments ⓘ
relatedDispute	European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) self-linksurface differs ⓘ surface form: European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) – Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) self-linksurface differs ⓘ surface form: European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) – Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States
respondent	European Economic Community ⓘ surface form: European Communities
retaliationForm	increased duties on selected EC products ⓘ
scientificReferenceBodyDiscussed	Codex Alimentarius Commission ⓘ
SPSAgreementArticlesInvolved	Article 2 ⓘ Article 3 ⓘ Article 5 ⓘ Article 8 ⓘ
subjectMatter	ban on imports of hormone-treated beef ⓘ use of growth-promoting hormones in cattle ⓘ
subsequentDevelopment	authorization of US retaliation against EC ⓘ
WTOBodyAdoptingReport	Dispute Settlement Body ⓘ
WTOdisputeNumber	DS26 ⓘ DS48 ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (4)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

WTO Appellate Body → notableCase → European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) ⓘ

European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) → alsoKnownAs → European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) ⓘ

this entity surface form: EC – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)

European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) → relatedDispute → European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) self-linksurface differs ⓘ

this entity surface form: European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) – Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU

this entity surface form: European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) – Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States

All labels observed (4)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (51)

How these facts were elicited Show

Referenced by (4)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited