Stefan–Boltzmann law
E32546
The Stefan–Boltzmann law is a fundamental principle of thermal radiation stating that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Stefan–Boltzmann law canonical | 9 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T243947 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Stefan–Boltzmann law Context triple: [Planck radiation law, relatedTo, Stefan–Boltzmann law]
-
A.
Wien displacement law
Wien's displacement law is a physical law that relates the temperature of a blackbody to the wavelength at which it emits radiation most intensely.
-
B.
Planck radiation law
Planck radiation law is a fundamental formula in quantum physics that describes the spectral distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium.
-
C.
Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant is a fundamental physical constant that links temperature to energy at the particle level, playing a central role in statistical mechanics and thermodynamics.
-
D.
Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies
The Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies is the classical approximation for blackbody radiation that accurately describes the long-wavelength, low-energy limit of Planck’s radiation spectrum.
-
E.
Planck constant
The Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies the relationship between the energy of a photon and the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave, forming a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Stefan–Boltzmann law Target entity description: The Stefan–Boltzmann law is a fundamental principle of thermal radiation stating that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
-
A.
Wien displacement law
Wien's displacement law is a physical law that relates the temperature of a blackbody to the wavelength at which it emits radiation most intensely.
-
B.
Planck radiation law
Planck radiation law is a fundamental formula in quantum physics that describes the spectral distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium.
-
C.
Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant is a fundamental physical constant that links temperature to energy at the particle level, playing a central role in statistical mechanics and thermodynamics.
-
D.
Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies
The Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies is the classical approximation for blackbody radiation that accurately describes the long-wavelength, low-energy limit of Planck’s radiation spectrum.
-
E.
Planck constant
The Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies the relationship between the energy of a photon and the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave, forming a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
physical law
ⓘ
radiation law ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
ideal black body
ⓘ
opaque, diffuse, gray surfaces with modified emissivity ⓘ |
| approximateValueOfStefanBoltzmannConstant | 5.670374419×10^−8 W⋅m^−2⋅K^−4 ⓘ |
| assumes | surface is a perfect black body with emissivity equal to 1 ⓘ |
| category | laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics ⓘ |
| dependsOn | absolute temperature in kelvins ⓘ |
| derivationYear | 1884 ⓘ |
| derivedBy | Ludwig Boltzmann ⓘ |
| derivedFrom |
Planck radiation law
ⓘ
surface form:
Planck’s law of black-body radiation
thermodynamics of electromagnetic radiation ⓘ |
| describes | total radiant heat power emitted per unit area of a black body ⓘ |
| dimensionOfStefanBoltzmannConstant | power per area per temperature to the fourth power ⓘ |
| emissivityRange | 0 to 1 ⓘ |
| field |
astrophysics
ⓘ
statistical mechanics ⓘ thermal radiation ⓘ thermodynamics ⓘ |
| generalization | radiant exitance of a real surface is M = ε σ T^4 ⓘ |
| includesParameter | emissivity ⓘ |
| isIntegralOver |
Planck spectral radiance over all wavelengths
ⓘ
all solid angles of emission ⓘ |
| mathematicalForm | j* = σ T^4 ⓘ |
| namedAfter |
Josef Stefan
ⓘ
Ludwig Boltzmann ⓘ |
| proportionalTo | fourth power of absolute temperature ⓘ |
| proposedBy | Josef Stefan ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
ⓘ
surface form:
Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation
Planck radiation law ⓘ
surface form:
Planck’s law
Wien displacement law ⓘ
surface form:
Wien’s displacement law
black-body radiation ⓘ |
| SIUnitOfStefanBoltzmannConstant | watt per square metre per kelvin to the fourth power ⓘ |
| states | the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature ⓘ |
| symbolOfRadiantExitance | j* ⓘ |
| symbolOfStefanBoltzmannConstant | σ ⓘ |
| symbolOfTemperature | T ⓘ |
| usedFor |
calculating radiative heat transfer
ⓘ
climate modeling ⓘ estimating luminosity of stars ⓘ relating stellar radius, temperature and luminosity ⓘ thermal engineering ⓘ |
| usedIn |
design of furnaces and radiative heaters
ⓘ
planetary energy balance models ⓘ radiative heat transfer calculations between surfaces ⓘ remote sensing of surface temperatures ⓘ |
| validFor | thermal equilibrium ⓘ |
| yearProposed | 1879 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Stefan–Boltzmann law Description of subject: The Stefan–Boltzmann law is a fundamental principle of thermal radiation stating that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
Referenced by (9)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Josef Stefan