Shuttle–Mir Program

E323088

international cooperation program spaceflight program

The Shuttle–Mir Program was a collaborative U.S.–Russian space initiative in the 1990s that docked American Space Shuttles with the Russian Mir space station to advance long-duration human spaceflight and foster post–Cold War cooperation.

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All labels observed (7)

Label	Occurrences
Shuttle–Mir program	6
Shuttle–Mir Program canonical	5
NASA–Mir Phase 1 program	1
NASA–Roscosmos cooperation	1
NASA–Russian space cooperation	1
Shuttle–Mir mission	1
U.S.–Russian Shuttle–Mir collaboration	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3049142 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Shuttle–Mir Program
Context triple: [Mir program, includedProgram, Shuttle–Mir Program]

A. Space Station Freedom program
The Space Station Freedom program was a canceled NASA-led initiative from the 1980s–1990s to build a permanently crewed U.S. space station in low Earth orbit, whose plans and technologies were later folded into the International Space Station.
B. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project was a 1975 joint U.S.–Soviet space mission that conducted the first international crewed spacecraft docking, symbolizing a thaw in Cold War tensions and pioneering cooperative space exploration.
C. STS-60
STS-60 was a 1994 NASA Space Shuttle Discovery mission notable as the first joint U.S.–Russian crewed spaceflight, carrying Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev.
D. International Space Station program
The International Space Station program is a multinational collaborative effort to design, build, and operate a permanently crewed orbital research laboratory in low Earth orbit.
E. Skylab program
The Skylab program was NASA’s first space station initiative, focused on long-duration human spaceflight and scientific research in Earth orbit during the 1970s.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Shuttle–Mir Program
Target entity description: The Shuttle–Mir Program was a collaborative U.S.–Russian space initiative in the 1990s that docked American Space Shuttles with the Russian Mir space station to advance long-duration human spaceflight and foster post–Cold War cooperation.

A. Space Station Freedom program
The Space Station Freedom program was a canceled NASA-led initiative from the 1980s–1990s to build a permanently crewed U.S. space station in low Earth orbit, whose plans and technologies were later folded into the International Space Station.
B. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project was a 1975 joint U.S.–Soviet space mission that conducted the first international crewed spacecraft docking, symbolizing a thaw in Cold War tensions and pioneering cooperative space exploration.
C. STS-60
STS-60 was a 1994 NASA Space Shuttle Discovery mission notable as the first joint U.S.–Russian crewed spaceflight, carrying Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev.
D. International Space Station program
The International Space Station program is a multinational collaborative effort to design, build, and operate a permanently crewed orbital research laboratory in low Earth orbit.
E. Skylab program
The Skylab program was NASA’s first space station initiative, focused on long-duration human spaceflight and scientific research in Earth orbit during the 1970s.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (52)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	international cooperation program ⓘ spaceflight program ⓘ
astronaut	Andrew Thomas ⓘ David Wolf ⓘ Jerry Linenger ⓘ Michael Foale ⓘ Norman E. Thagard ⓘ surface form: Norman Thagard Shannon Lucid ⓘ
cosmonaut	Aleksandr Lazutkin NERFINISHED ⓘ Anatoly Solovyev NERFINISHED ⓘ Anatoly Yakovlevich Solovyev ⓘ Nikolai Budarin ⓘ Valeri Korzun NERFINISHED ⓘ Vasily Tsibliyev NERFINISHED ⓘ Vladimir Titov ⓘ Yuri Onufrienko ⓘ
country	Russia ⓘ United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
endTime	1998 ⓘ
era	post–Cold War ⓘ
firstDockingMission	STS-71 ⓘ
followedBy	International Space Station program ⓘ
keyEvent	1997 Progress collision with Mir Spektr module ⓘ 1997 fire on Mir during Shuttle–Mir era ⓘ Shannon Lucid’s 188-day mission on Mir ⓘ first American long-duration stay on Mir by Norman Thagard ⓘ
lastDockingMission	STS-91 ⓘ
locationOfOperations	low Earth orbit ⓘ
mainPurpose	advance long-duration human spaceflight ⓘ foster post–Cold War cooperation ⓘ gain experience for International Space Station ⓘ
notableMission	STS-60 ⓘ STS-63 ⓘ STS-71 ⓘ STS-74 ⓘ STS-76 ⓘ STS-79 ⓘ STS-81 ⓘ STS-84 ⓘ STS-86 ⓘ STS-89 ⓘ STS-91 ⓘ
numberOfDockingMissions	11 ⓘ
orbitingBody	Earth ⓘ
participant	NASA ⓘ Roscosmos ⓘ surface form: Russian Space Agency
precededBy	Apollo–Soyuz Test Project ⓘ
result	demonstrated joint mission planning and operations ⓘ operational experience for ISS assembly and operations ⓘ
spacecraftUsed	Space Shuttle ⓘ
spaceStationUsed	Mir ⓘ
startTime	1993 ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (16)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Mir program → includedProgram → Shuttle–Mir Program ⓘ

Mir space station → internationalProgram → Shuttle–Mir Program ⓘ

Mir EO-21 → partOf → Shuttle–Mir Program ⓘ

Mir → notableProgram → Shuttle–Mir Program ⓘ

STS-76 → missionType → Shuttle–Mir Program ⓘ

this entity surface form: Shuttle–Mir mission

STS-76 → partOf → Shuttle–Mir Program ⓘ