Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
E294103
Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a “bail-in” provision that allows federal courts to place jurisdictions with proven intentional voting discrimination under preclearance requirements for changes to their election laws.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 canonical | 1 |
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
bail-in provision
ⓘ
provision of federal statute ⓘ |
| aimsToProtect | racial and language minority voters ⓘ |
| allows |
tailored preclearance coverage by court order
ⓘ
time-limited preclearance coverage ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
political subdivisions
ⓘ
states ⓘ |
| authorizes |
federal court bail-in of jurisdictions
ⓘ
imposition of preclearance requirements ⓘ |
| characterizedAs | case-by-case preclearance mechanism ⓘ |
| constitutionalBasis |
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
ⓘ
Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ
surface form:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
|
| covers |
changes in prerequisites to voting
ⓘ
changes in standards, practices, or procedures with respect to voting ⓘ changes in voting qualifications ⓘ |
| distinctFrom | geographic coverage formula of Section 4(b) ⓘ |
| enactedBy | United States Congress ⓘ |
| enactmentDate | 1965-08-06 ⓘ |
| enforcementActor |
United States Department of Justice
ⓘ
federal courts ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| legalCitation | 52 U.S.C. § 10302(c) ⓘ |
| legalEffect | shifts burden to jurisdiction to prove non-discrimination for covered changes ⓘ |
| legalMechanism | bail-in ⓘ |
| legalStandard | intentional discrimination ⓘ |
| notAffectedBy | invalidation of Section 4(b) coverage formula in Shelby County v. Holder ⓘ |
| partOf | Voting Rights Act of 1965 ⓘ |
| policyGoal |
deter intentional discrimination in voting
ⓘ
prevent future discriminatory voting changes ⓘ |
| previousCitation | 42 U.S.C. § 1973a(c) ⓘ |
| purpose |
to address intentional voting discrimination
ⓘ
to subject certain jurisdictions to preclearance ⓘ |
| relationshipToSection5 | provides alternative path to preclearance coverage ⓘ |
| remedyType | equitable relief ⓘ |
| requires |
court order specifying covered practices and duration
ⓘ
judicial finding of constitutional violation in voting ⓘ |
| requiresPreclearanceFrom |
United States Attorney General
ⓘ
surface form:
Attorney General of the United States
United States District Court for the District of Columbia ⓘ |
| scope | prospective regulation of election law changes ⓘ |
| signedIntoLawBy | Lyndon B. Johnson ⓘ |
| survivedDecision | Shelby County v. Holder ⓘ |
| triggerCondition |
finding of intentional discrimination in voting
ⓘ
violation of the Fifteenth Amendment ⓘ violation of the Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ |
| typeOfRelief | structural injunction ⓘ |
| usedIn | post-2013 voting rights litigation ⓘ |
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965