Canadian Raising of /aɪ/ and /aʊ/
E278581
Canadian Raising of /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ is a phonological process in many Canadian English dialects where the starting point of these diphthongs is pronounced higher before voiceless consonants, producing distinct vowel qualities compared to other English varieties.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Canadian Raising of /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ canonical | 1 |
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
phonological process
ⓘ
sound change ⓘ |
| appliesIn | stressed syllables ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
/aɪ/
ⓘ
/aʊ/ ⓘ |
| conditionType | allophonic ⓘ |
| contrastEnvironment | before voiced consonants ⓘ |
| contrastType | allophonic contrast conditioned by voicing ⓘ |
| contrastWith | General American English diphthong realization ⓘ |
| effectOnVowelHeight | raises starting point of diphthong ⓘ |
| effectOnVowelQuality | produces higher and more centralized nucleus ⓘ |
| environment | before voiceless consonants ⓘ |
| exampleMinimalPairEffect | "writer" vs "rider" distinguished partly by vowel quality ⓘ |
| exampleWordWithoutRaising |
"loud"
ⓘ
"prize" ⓘ "ride" ⓘ |
| exampleWordWithRaising |
"about"
ⓘ
"price" ⓘ "write" ⓘ |
| exceptionPattern | may be blocked across some morpheme boundaries ⓘ |
| foundInDialect |
Canadian English
ⓘ
many North American English dialects ⓘ |
| geographicAssociation |
Canada
ⓘ
border areas of the northern United States ⓘ |
| historicalStatus | relatively recent development in North American English ⓘ |
| linguisticLevel | phonology ⓘ |
| nonTriggerFeature | following consonant is [+voice] ⓘ |
| oftenCitedIn |
studies of Canadian English
ⓘ
studies of North American vowel shifts ⓘ |
| orthographicIndependence | not reflected in English spelling ⓘ |
| perceptualEffect | makes /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ sound different from other English dialects ⓘ |
| phonemicStatus | does not create new phonemes ⓘ |
| phoneticNotation | often described using IPA diacritics for raising or centralization ⓘ |
| phoneticRealization |
/aɪ/ → [aɪ] or [äɪ] before voiced consonants
ⓘ
/aɪ/ → [ʌɪ] or [ɐɪ] before voiceless consonants ⓘ /aʊ/ → [aʊ] or [äʊ] before voiced consonants ⓘ /aʊ/ → [ʌʊ] or [ɐʊ] before voiceless consonants ⓘ |
| phonologicalDomain | vowel system ⓘ |
| relatedPhenomenon |
Canadian Shift
ⓘ
Northern Cities Vowel Shift region English ⓘ
surface form:
Northern Cities Vowel Shift (for comparison)
|
| researchField |
dialectology
ⓘ
sociophonetics ⓘ |
| roleInDialectIdentification | salient marker of Canadian English ⓘ |
| segmentTypeAffected | diphthong ⓘ |
| terminology | also called "Canadian Raising" ⓘ |
| triggerFeature | following consonant is [-voice] ⓘ |
| variation |
/aʊ/ raising is less consistent than /aɪ/ raising
ⓘ
degree of raising varies by region ⓘ younger speakers may show different patterns of raising ⓘ |
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.