TURN
E24284
TURN (Traversal Using Relays around NAT) is a network protocol used in real-time communications to relay media traffic when direct peer-to-peer connectivity is blocked by firewalls or NAT.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| TURN canonical | 4 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T193044 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: TURN Context triple: [WebRTC, supports, TURN]
-
A.
the T
The T is the public transit system serving the Greater Boston area, operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
-
B.
TR
TR is the two-letter ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code assigned to Turkey for international standardization and referencing.
-
C.
Kick
Kick was the affectionate nickname of Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish, the socially prominent and charismatic sister of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
-
D.
TW
TW is the two-letter ISO 3166 country code assigned to Taiwan (commonly referred to as Chinese Taipei in certain international contexts).
-
E.
Loop
The Loop is Chicago’s central business district and downtown core, known for its dense cluster of skyscrapers, cultural institutions, and historic elevated train system.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: TURN Target entity description: TURN (Traversal Using Relays around NAT) is a network protocol used in real-time communications to relay media traffic when direct peer-to-peer connectivity is blocked by firewalls or NAT.
-
A.
the T
The T is the public transit system serving the Greater Boston area, operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
-
B.
TR
TR is the two-letter ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code assigned to Turkey for international standardization and referencing.
-
C.
Kick
Kick was the affectionate nickname of Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish, the socially prominent and charismatic sister of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
-
D.
TW
TW is the two-letter ISO 3166 country code assigned to Taiwan (commonly referred to as Chinese Taipei in certain international contexts).
-
E.
Loop
The Loop is Chicago’s central business district and downtown core, known for its dense cluster of skyscrapers, cultural institutions, and historic elevated train system.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
NAT traversal protocol
ⓘ
network protocol ⓘ |
| abbreviation | TURN ⓘ |
| authenticationMethod | long-term credential mechanism ⓘ |
| benefit |
provides more reliable connectivity than STUN-only solutions
ⓘ
works when symmetric NAT or restrictive firewalls block direct connectivity ⓘ |
| category | application-layer protocol ⓘ |
| definedIn | RFC 5766 ⓘ |
| extends | STUN ⓘ |
| fullName | Traversal Using Relays around NAT ⓘ |
| handles |
data traffic
ⓘ
media traffic ⓘ |
| limitation |
increases latency compared to direct peer-to-peer
ⓘ
requires a publicly reachable relay server ⓘ |
| obsoletes | RFC 3489 relay usage ⓘ |
| operatesWith |
TURN client
ⓘ
TURN server ⓘ |
| purpose |
enable NAT traversal for real-time communications
ⓘ
relay media traffic when direct peer-to-peer connectivity is not possible ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
ICE
ⓘ
STUN ⓘ |
| role | relays traffic between peers through a server ⓘ |
| securityFeature |
confidentiality when used over TLS or DTLS
ⓘ
integrity protection via message authentication ⓘ |
| standardizedBy |
Internet Engineering Task Force
ⓘ
surface form:
IETF
|
| status | IETF standards-track protocol ⓘ |
| supports |
IPv4
ⓘ
IPv6 ⓘ allocation of relay addresses ⓘ bandwidth management ⓘ keepalive mechanisms ⓘ permission management for peers ⓘ |
| topology | client–server–client relay ⓘ |
| transportProtocol | client-server ⓘ |
| typicalPort |
3478
ⓘ
5349 ⓘ |
| usedFor |
VoIP
ⓘ
WebRTC ⓘ interactive multimedia applications ⓘ real-time communications ⓘ video conferencing ⓘ |
| uses | STUN message format ⓘ |
| worksWith |
DTLS
ⓘ
Transmission Control Protocol ⓘ
surface form:
TCP
TLS ⓘ UDP ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: TURN Description of subject: TURN (Traversal Using Relays around NAT) is a network protocol used in real-time communications to relay media traffic when direct peer-to-peer connectivity is blocked by firewalls or NAT.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.