Indian indenture system
E239001
The Indian indenture system was a 19th- and early 20th-century labor scheme that transported millions of Indians to work on colonial plantations worldwide under long-term, often exploitative contracts following the abolition of slavery.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Indian indenture system canonical | 1 |
Statements (93)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
historical phenomenon
ⓘ
indentured labor system ⓘ labor migration system ⓘ |
| abolishedBy | formal ban on indentured emigration from India in 1917 ⓘ |
| appliesToJurisdiction |
British Empire
ⓘ
Dutch colonial empire ⓘ French colonial empire ⓘ Portuguese Empire ⓘ |
| characterizedBy |
debt-like obligations
ⓘ
harsh working conditions ⓘ high mortality rates ⓘ long-term contracts ⓘ low wages ⓘ racialized labor hierarchy ⓘ recruitment abuses ⓘ restricted mobility ⓘ |
| documentedIn |
colonial emigration records
ⓘ
plantation archives ⓘ ship passenger lists ⓘ |
| endCause |
Indian nationalist pressure
ⓘ
changing economic conditions ⓘ humanitarian criticism ⓘ |
| endTime | 1920 ⓘ |
| fieldOfWork |
cocoa plantations
ⓘ
rice cultivation ⓘ rubber plantations ⓘ sugar plantations ⓘ tea plantations ⓘ |
| followed | abolition of slavery in 1833 ⓘ |
| hasCause |
abolition of slavery in the British Empire
ⓘ
demand for cheap plantation labor ⓘ |
| hasConsequence |
creation of Indian South African community
ⓘ
creation of Indo-Caribbean communities ⓘ creation of Indo-Fijian community ⓘ creation of Indo-Mauritian community ⓘ cultural hybridization in destination colonies ⓘ formation of large Indian diasporas ⓘ long-term racial and class stratification in colonies ⓘ |
| hasParticipant |
British authorities
ⓘ
surface form:
British colonial authorities
Indian laborers ⓘ colonial plantation owners ⓘ |
| languageOfAdministration |
Dutch
ⓘ
English ⓘ French ⓘ |
| mainDestination |
Myanmar
ⓘ
surface form:
Burma
Caribbean ⓘ Sri Lanka ⓘ
surface form:
Ceylon
Suriname ⓘ
surface form:
Dutch Guiana
East Africa ⓘ Fiji ⓘ French Guiana ⓘ Guadeloupe ⓘ British Guiana ⓘ
surface form:
Guyana
Federation of Malaya ⓘ
surface form:
Malaya
Martinique ⓘ Mauritius ⓘ Natal ⓘ Colony of Natal ⓘ
surface form:
Natal Colony
Réunion ⓘ
surface form:
Reunion Island
South Africa ⓘ Southeast Asia ⓘ Suriname ⓘ Trinidad and Tobago ⓘ |
| numberOfPeopleInvolved |
about 1.2 million
ⓘ
over 1 million ⓘ over 2 million including unofficial migrations ⓘ |
| opposedBy |
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
ⓘ
Indian nationalism ⓘ
surface form:
Indian nationalists
Indian social reformers ⓘ Mahatma Gandhi ⓘ |
| partOf |
global history of labor migration
ⓘ
history of the Indian diaspora ⓘ post-emancipation labor systems ⓘ |
| placeOfOrigin |
British India
ⓘ
People's Republic of Bangladesh (from East Pakistan) ⓘ
surface form:
present-day Bangladesh
present-day India ⓘ present-day Pakistan ⓘ |
| recruitmentRegion |
Bengal Presidency
ⓘ
Bihar ⓘ Central Provinces ⓘ Madras Presidency ⓘ Uttar Pradesh ⓘ |
| regardedAs |
post-slavery labor regime
ⓘ
quasi-slavery ⓘ system of unfree labor ⓘ |
| regulatedBy |
Indian Emigration Act 1842
ⓘ
Indian Emigration Act 1842 ⓘ
surface form:
Indian Emigration Act 1864
Indian Emigration Act 1883 ⓘ |
| replaced | slave labor on many plantations ⓘ |
| startTime | 1834 ⓘ |
| temporalRelation | succeeded Atlantic slavery in many colonies ⓘ |
| typicalContractDuration |
10 years
ⓘ
5 years ⓘ |
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.