Triple

T596082
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED E17385 entity
Predicate relatesTo P37 FINISHED
Object Tomonaga–Schwinger equation E71910 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (2 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation | Statement: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, relatesTo, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07 
Target entity: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
Context triple: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, relatesTo, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
  • A. Tomonaga–Schwinger equation chosen
    The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
  • B. Gell-Mann–Low theorem
    The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
  • C. Dirac equation
    The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
  • D. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • E. Schwinger functions
    Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
  • F. None of above.
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

Provenance (3 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a49379d09c8190ac7e00b24e2810b1 completed March 1, 2026, 7:28 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a49bd3e5e08190be95cb2009aad42d completed March 1, 2026, 8:04 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a51f36ab388190a418f6d4ffe91d66 completed March 2, 2026, 5:25 a.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:33 p.m.