Triple

T2830200
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Helvering v. Gregory E62216 entity
Predicate lowerCourtJudge P7038 FINISHED
Object Learned Hand
Learned Hand was a highly influential American federal judge renowned for his incisive opinions on constitutional and tax law and his lasting impact on U.S. jurisprudence.
E302253 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (5 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Learned Hand | Statement: [Helvering v. Gregory, lowerCourtJudge, Learned Hand]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Learned Hand
Context triple: [Helvering v. Gregory, lowerCourtJudge, Learned Hand]
  • A. Ex parte Young
    Ex parte Young is a landmark 1908 U.S. Supreme Court decision that created a legal fiction allowing suits in federal court against state officials to stop ongoing violations of federal law, despite state sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment.
  • B. Katzenbach v. Morgan
    Katzenbach v. Morgan is a 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld Congress’s power under the Fourteenth Amendment to prohibit certain state voting restrictions, reinforcing federal authority to protect voting rights.
  • C. Slaughter-House Cases
    The Slaughter-House Cases were an 1873 U.S. Supreme Court decision that narrowly interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges or Immunities Clause, significantly limiting its protection of civil rights against state infringement.
  • D. Katzenbach v. McClung
    Katzenbach v. McClung is a 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the federal government’s power to prohibit racial discrimination in local restaurants under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
  • E. The Prize Cases
    The Prize Cases were a landmark 1863 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld President Abraham Lincoln’s authority to blockade Confederate ports without a formal declaration of war, expanding the scope of executive war powers.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Learned Hand
Triple: [Helvering v. Gregory, lowerCourtJudge, Learned Hand]
Generated description
Learned Hand was a highly influential American federal judge renowned for his incisive opinions on constitutional and tax law and his lasting impact on U.S. jurisprudence.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Learned Hand
Target entity description: Learned Hand was a highly influential American federal judge renowned for his incisive opinions on constitutional and tax law and his lasting impact on U.S. jurisprudence.
  • A. Ex parte Young
    Ex parte Young is a landmark 1908 U.S. Supreme Court decision that created a legal fiction allowing suits in federal court against state officials to stop ongoing violations of federal law, despite state sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment.
  • B. Katzenbach v. Morgan
    Katzenbach v. Morgan is a 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld Congress’s power under the Fourteenth Amendment to prohibit certain state voting restrictions, reinforcing federal authority to protect voting rights.
  • C. Slaughter-House Cases
    The Slaughter-House Cases were an 1873 U.S. Supreme Court decision that narrowly interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges or Immunities Clause, significantly limiting its protection of civil rights against state infringement.
  • D. Katzenbach v. McClung
    Katzenbach v. McClung is a 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the federal government’s power to prohibit racial discrimination in local restaurants under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
  • E. The Prize Cases
    The Prize Cases were a landmark 1863 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld President Abraham Lincoln’s authority to blockade Confederate ports without a formal declaration of war, expanding the scope of executive war powers.
  • F. None of above. chosen
PD Predicate disambiguation gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target predicate: lowerCourtJudge
Context triple: [Helvering v. Gregory, lowerCourtJudge, Learned Hand]
  • A. lowerCourt
    Indicates that one court holds a subordinate or inferior position in the judicial hierarchy relative to another court.
  • B. trialCourt
    Indicates that a legal matter, decision, or proceeding is associated with, handled by, or occurring in a court of first instance (the trial-level court).
  • C. hasLowerCourt
    Indicates that one court functions as a subordinate or inferior court within the judicial hierarchy of another court.
  • D. lowerCourtCitation
    Indicates that a legal decision or document cites or references a ruling from a lower court.
  • E. judicialRole chosen
    Indicates that one entity holds or performs a specific official function or position within the judicial system in relation to another entity or legal matter.
  • F. None of above.

Provenance (6 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69ab4c3c39188190955b9c49d98463d8 completed March 6, 2026, 9:50 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69abdebbde4881908dfa78e28c7018e0 completed March 7, 2026, 8:15 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69afceb771d48190a1467a6e58f756ad completed March 10, 2026, 7:56 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69afd21bf66481909d0416cf591fc2cf completed March 10, 2026, 8:11 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69afd28839a881909c758e2ea202242a completed March 10, 2026, 8:12 a.m.
PD Predicate disambiguation batch_69abdd0acab881909e8c25cbef83678c completed March 7, 2026, 8:08 a.m.
Created at: March 6, 2026, 10:01 p.m.