Triple

T2219668
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Hylton v. United States E48110 entity
Predicate appliedProvision P11051 FINISHED
Object Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution
The Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution is a provision that restricts the federal government from imposing direct taxes unless they are apportioned among the states according to population.
E245901 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution | Statement: [Hylton v. United States, appliedProvision, Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution
Context triple: [Hylton v. United States, appliedProvision, Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution]
  • A. Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
    The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the U.S. Census.
  • B. Taxing and Spending Clause
    The Taxing and Spending Clause is a provision of the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the power to levy taxes and allocate federal funds to promote the general welfare of the United States.
  • C. A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System
    A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System is a 19th-century economic work by John Ramsay McCulloch that systematically analyzes taxation, public finance, and government debt and their effects on the economy.
  • D. Revenue Act of 1913
    The Revenue Act of 1913 was a landmark U.S. law that reintroduced a federal income tax and significantly lowered tariffs, reshaping the nation’s fiscal policy in the early 20th century.
  • E. Compact Clause of the United States Constitution
    The Compact Clause of the United States Constitution is the provision that restricts states from entering into agreements or compacts with other states or foreign powers without the consent of Congress.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution
Triple: [Hylton v. United States, appliedProvision, Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution]
Generated description
The Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution is a provision that restricts the federal government from imposing direct taxes unless they are apportioned among the states according to population.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution
Target entity description: The Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution is a provision that restricts the federal government from imposing direct taxes unless they are apportioned among the states according to population.
  • A. Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
    The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the U.S. Census.
  • B. Taxing and Spending Clause
    The Taxing and Spending Clause is a provision of the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the power to levy taxes and allocate federal funds to promote the general welfare of the United States.
  • C. A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System
    A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System is a 19th-century economic work by John Ramsay McCulloch that systematically analyzes taxation, public finance, and government debt and their effects on the economy.
  • D. Revenue Act of 1913
    The Revenue Act of 1913 was a landmark U.S. law that reintroduced a federal income tax and significantly lowered tariffs, reshaping the nation’s fiscal policy in the early 20th century.
  • E. Compact Clause of the United States Constitution
    The Compact Clause of the United States Constitution is the provision that restricts states from entering into agreements or compacts with other states or foreign powers without the consent of Congress.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a88aa1ee708190862c8c378c41e9eb completed March 4, 2026, 7:40 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69abc5b262488190b6455d1d28d2306d completed March 7, 2026, 6:29 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ae655df21c8190aa9624f15955c565 completed March 9, 2026, 6:14 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ae667dede88190b3d1f8bb8866e19e completed March 9, 2026, 6:19 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ae66f12c648190a146de7b2bfdb541 completed March 9, 2026, 6:21 a.m.
Created at: March 4, 2026, 7:46 p.m.