Triple

T10672091
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Russell–Saunders coupling E251512 entity
Predicate governs P760 FINISHED
Object Hund’s rules for ordering of terms
Hund’s rules for ordering of terms are empirical guidelines in atomic spectroscopy that predict the relative energies and ground-state term of an atom by specifying how electron spins and orbital angular momenta combine under LS (Russell–Saunders) coupling.
E879731 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Hund’s rules for ordering of terms | Statement: [Russell–Saunders coupling, governs, Hund’s rules for ordering of terms]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Hund’s rules for ordering of terms
Context triple: [Russell–Saunders coupling, governs, Hund’s rules for ordering of terms]
  • A. Russell–Saunders coupling
    Russell–Saunders coupling is an atomic physics scheme that describes how individual electron orbital and spin angular momenta combine to determine the total angular momentum of an atom, especially in light atoms.
  • B. Herzberg–Teller approximation
    The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
  • C. Slater-type orbital basis sets
    Slater-type orbital basis sets are mathematical functions used in quantum chemistry to approximate atomic orbitals with realistic radial behavior, particularly in early and conceptual implementations of electronic structure methods.
  • D. Sommerfeld quantization rules
    Sommerfeld quantization rules are an early quantum theory refinement of Bohr’s model that quantize electron motion in elliptical orbits using action integrals, helping to explain fine-structure details in atomic spectra.
  • E. Rydberg–Ritz combination principle
    The Rydberg–Ritz combination principle is a rule in atomic spectroscopy stating that the frequencies (or wavenumbers) of spectral lines can be expressed as differences between terms in a series, enabling systematic prediction and classification of atomic spectra.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Hund’s rules for ordering of terms
Triple: [Russell–Saunders coupling, governs, Hund’s rules for ordering of terms]
Generated description
Hund’s rules for ordering of terms are empirical guidelines in atomic spectroscopy that predict the relative energies and ground-state term of an atom by specifying how electron spins and orbital angular momenta combine under LS (Russell–Saunders) coupling.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Hund’s rules for ordering of terms
Target entity description: Hund’s rules for ordering of terms are empirical guidelines in atomic spectroscopy that predict the relative energies and ground-state term of an atom by specifying how electron spins and orbital angular momenta combine under LS (Russell–Saunders) coupling.
  • A. Russell–Saunders coupling
    Russell–Saunders coupling is an atomic physics scheme that describes how individual electron orbital and spin angular momenta combine to determine the total angular momentum of an atom, especially in light atoms.
  • B. Herzberg–Teller approximation
    The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
  • C. Slater-type orbital basis sets
    Slater-type orbital basis sets are mathematical functions used in quantum chemistry to approximate atomic orbitals with realistic radial behavior, particularly in early and conceptual implementations of electronic structure methods.
  • D. Sommerfeld quantization rules
    Sommerfeld quantization rules are an early quantum theory refinement of Bohr’s model that quantize electron motion in elliptical orbits using action integrals, helping to explain fine-structure details in atomic spectra.
  • E. Rydberg–Ritz combination principle
    The Rydberg–Ritz combination principle is a rule in atomic spectroscopy stating that the frequencies (or wavenumbers) of spectral lines can be expressed as differences between terms in a series, enabling systematic prediction and classification of atomic spectra.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d6aa5b0d2881909584b20efc5877f0 completed April 8, 2026, 7:19 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69d6f8648a248190a3bd284c569152e4 completed April 9, 2026, 12:52 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69d9886e3f108190bb6f17d4e2f394ef completed April 10, 2026, 11:31 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69d98cdf6f0c8190a5b926c439c1aca6 completed April 10, 2026, 11:50 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69d98d5557548190a22102f1c8105e6f completed April 10, 2026, 11:52 p.m.
Created at: April 8, 2026, 9:09 p.m.