Third Plague Pandemic

E73317

bubonic plague pandemic infectious disease outbreak pandemic

The Third Plague Pandemic was a global outbreak of bubonic plague that began in China in the mid-19th century, spread worldwide via trade routes, and led to the modern scientific understanding of plague and its transmission.

Statements (50)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	bubonic plague pandemic → infectious disease outbreak → pandemic →
associatedWith	anti-epidemic legislation in British India → development of plague vaccines → public health reforms in colonial India → quarantine measures in port cities → rise of modern epidemiology →
bacteriumIdentifiedAt	Hong Kong →
bacteriumIdentifiedIn	1894 →
causativeAgent	Yersinia pestis →
deathTollEstimate	over 12 million deaths in India and China →
deathTollRegion	millions of deaths in China → millions of deaths in India →
endemicLegacy	establishment of persistent plague foci in wildlife reservoirs → long-term plague endemicity in parts of Africa → long-term plague endemicity in parts of Asia → long-term plague endemicity in parts of the Americas →
historicalContext	coincided with expansion of global steamship travel → occurred during the era of European imperialism →
keyScientist	Alexandre Yersin → Shibasaburo Kitasato →
ledTo	development of plague control measures → identification of Yersinia pestis as plague bacterium → modern concepts of zoonotic disease reservoirs → modern scientific understanding of plague →
mainDisease	bubonic plague →
peakImpact	early 20th century → late 19th century →
publicHealthImpact	influenced early international health regulations → stimulated creation of international sanitary conventions →
recognizedAs	third major plague pandemic after the Plague of Justinian and the Black Death →
significantSpreadVia	global trade routes → maritime trade routes →
spreadTo	Africa → Australia → Europe → Hong Kong → India → North America → South America → Southeast Asia →
startLocation	China → Yunnan, China →
startTime	circa 1855 → mid-19th century →
transmissionRoute	flea bites → human-to-human transmission in pneumonic cases →
transmissionVector	rat fleas → rodents →

Referenced by (2)

Subject (surface form when different)	Predicate
Yersinia pestis →	associatedPandemic
Black Death →	relatedTo