Article IX – Authentication and Identification

E71460

article of the Federal Rules of Evidence evidence rule

Article IX – Authentication and Identification is the portion of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how parties must prove that documents, records, and other items of evidence are genuine before they can be admitted in court.

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All labels observed (2)

Label	Occurrences
Article IX Authentication and Identification	2
Article IX – Authentication and Identification canonical	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T570054 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Article IX – Authentication and Identification
Context triple: [Federal Rules of Evidence, containsArticle, Article IX – Authentication and Identification]

A. Section IX
Section IX is the portion of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code that establishes qualification requirements for welding, brazing, and related procedures and personnel used in pressure equipment fabrication and repair.
B. The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol
The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol is a standardized network protocol that defines methods for securely authenticating users and hosts in SSH connections using mechanisms such as passwords, public keys, and keyboard-interactive methods.
C. Article IX
Article IX is the provision of the 1948 Genocide Convention that grants the International Court of Justice jurisdiction over disputes between states concerning the interpretation, application, or fulfillment of the Convention, including state responsibility for genocide.
D. Article IX
Article IX is the section of the Florida Constitution that governs the state’s public education system, including the establishment, funding, and oversight of schools and related institutions.
E. The Essence of Security
"The Essence of Security" is a book by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara that outlines his views on national security, nuclear strategy, and defense policy during the Cold War.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Article IX – Authentication and Identification
Target entity description: Article IX – Authentication and Identification is the portion of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how parties must prove that documents, records, and other items of evidence are genuine before they can be admitted in court.

A. Section IX
Section IX is the portion of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code that establishes qualification requirements for welding, brazing, and related procedures and personnel used in pressure equipment fabrication and repair.
B. The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol
The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol is a standardized network protocol that defines methods for securely authenticating users and hosts in SSH connections using mechanisms such as passwords, public keys, and keyboard-interactive methods.
C. Article IX
Article IX is the provision of the 1948 Genocide Convention that grants the International Court of Justice jurisdiction over disputes between states concerning the interpretation, application, or fulfillment of the Convention, including state responsibility for genocide.
D. Article IX
Article IX is the section of the Florida Constitution that governs the state’s public education system, including the establishment, funding, and oversight of schools and related institutions.
E. The Essence of Security
"The Essence of Security" is a book by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara that outlines his views on national security, nuclear strategy, and defense policy during the Cold War.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (47)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	article of the Federal Rules of Evidence ⓘ evidence rule ⓘ
appliesTo	documents ⓘ records ⓘ tangible items of evidence ⓘ testimony used for identification ⓘ
definesStandard	sufficient evidence to support a finding of authenticity ⓘ
distinguishes	self-authenticating evidence from evidence requiring extrinsic proof ⓘ
governs	admissibility of authenticated evidence ⓘ methods of proving genuineness of evidence ⓘ
hasPurpose	to govern authentication and identification of evidence ⓘ
hasSection	Rule 901 ⓘ Rule 902 ⓘ Rule 903 ⓘ
includesConcept	authentication ⓘ authentication of business records ⓘ authentication of electronic evidence ⓘ authentication of emails and digital communications ⓘ authentication of handwriting ⓘ authentication of public records ⓘ authentication of recordings and photographs ⓘ authentication of telephone conversations ⓘ chain of custody ⓘ comparison by trier or expert witness ⓘ distinctive characteristics and circumstances ⓘ identification ⓘ self-authentication ⓘ testimony of a witness with knowledge ⓘ
influences	evidentiary rulings on genuineness of items ⓘ
jurisdiction	federal judiciary of the United States ⓘ surface form: federal courts of the United States
legalSystem	federal judiciary of the United States ⓘ surface form: United States federal courts
objective	to ensure reliability of evidence admitted at trial ⓘ to prevent admission of forged or altered evidence ⓘ
partOf	rules of evidence for the federal courts ⓘ surface form: Federal Rules of Evidence
preconditionFor	admission of exhibits into evidence ⓘ
relatedTo	Article VIII – Hearsay ⓘ Article X – Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs ⓘ
requires	foundation testimony or other proof of authenticity ⓘ proponent to produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is ⓘ
Rule 901	requires authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility ⓘ
Rule 902	lists categories of self-authenticating evidence ⓘ
Rule 903	addresses subscribing witness’s testimony ⓘ
sourceOfLaw	rules of evidence for the federal courts ⓘ surface form: Federal Rules of Evidence enacted by Congress
usedBy	attorneys ⓘ judges ⓘ litigants in federal civil cases ⓘ litigants in federal criminal cases ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (3)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

rules of evidence for the federal courts → containsArticle → Article IX – Authentication and Identification ⓘ

subject surface form: Federal Rules of Evidence

Illinois Rules of Evidence → hasPart → Article IX – Authentication and Identification ⓘ

this entity surface form: Article IX Authentication and Identification

Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence → hasPart → Article IX – Authentication and Identification ⓘ