Article IX – Authentication and Identification

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article of the Federal Rules of Evidence evidence rule

Article IX – Authentication and Identification is the portion of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how parties must prove that documents, records, and other items of evidence are genuine before they can be admitted in court.

Statements (47)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	article of the Federal Rules of Evidence → evidence rule →
appliesTo	documents → records → tangible items of evidence → testimony used for identification →
definesStandard	sufficient evidence to support a finding of authenticity →
distinguishes	self-authenticating evidence from evidence requiring extrinsic proof →
governs	admissibility of authenticated evidence → methods of proving genuineness of evidence →
hasPurpose	to govern authentication and identification of evidence →
hasSection	Rule 901 → Rule 902 → Rule 903 →
includesConcept	authentication → authentication of business records → authentication of electronic evidence → authentication of emails and digital communications → authentication of handwriting → authentication of public records → authentication of recordings and photographs → authentication of telephone conversations → chain of custody → comparison by trier or expert witness → distinctive characteristics and circumstances → identification → self-authentication → testimony of a witness with knowledge →
influences	evidentiary rulings on genuineness of items →
jurisdiction	federal courts of the United States →
legalSystem	United States federal courts →
objective	to ensure reliability of evidence admitted at trial → to prevent admission of forged or altered evidence →
partOf	Federal Rules of Evidence →
preconditionFor	admission of exhibits into evidence →
relatedTo	Article VIII – Hearsay → Article X – Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs →
requires	foundation testimony or other proof of authenticity → proponent to produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is →
Rule 901	requires authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility →
Rule 902	lists categories of self-authenticating evidence →
Rule 903	addresses subscribing witness’s testimony →
sourceOfLaw	Federal Rules of Evidence enacted by Congress →
usedBy	attorneys → judges → litigants in federal civil cases → litigants in federal criminal cases →

Referenced by (1)

Subject (surface form when different)	Predicate
Federal Rules of Evidence →	containsArticle