electron paramagnetic resonance
E590882
Electron paramagnetic resonance is a spectroscopic technique used to study materials with unpaired electrons by measuring their magnetic interactions in an applied magnetic field.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| EPR spectroscopy | 1 |
| ESR spectroscopy | 1 |
| electron paramagnetic resonance canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T6396924 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: electron paramagnetic resonance Context triple: [Bohr magneton, usedIn, electron paramagnetic resonance]
-
A.
Pauli paramagnetism
Pauli paramagnetism is the weak, temperature-independent magnetic response of conduction electrons in a metal arising from their spin alignment described by Fermi–Dirac statistics.
-
B.
Langevin theory of paramagnetism
The Langevin theory of paramagnetism is a classical statistical model that explains how the magnetization of paramagnetic materials depends on temperature and applied magnetic field by treating atomic magnetic moments as non-interacting dipoles subject to thermal agitation.
-
C.
magneto-optical Kerr effect
The magneto-optical Kerr effect is a phenomenon in which the polarization and intensity of light reflected from a magnetized material are altered in a way that depends on the material’s magnetization.
-
D.
Bloch equations
The Bloch equations are a set of differential equations in nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum mechanics that describe the time evolution of nuclear magnetization in an external magnetic field.
-
E.
Lifshitz–Kosevich formula
The Lifshitz–Kosevich formula is a key theoretical expression in solid-state physics that describes how the amplitude of quantum oscillations in metals depends on temperature, magnetic field, and electronic properties.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: electron paramagnetic resonance Target entity description: Electron paramagnetic resonance is a spectroscopic technique used to study materials with unpaired electrons by measuring their magnetic interactions in an applied magnetic field.
-
A.
Pauli paramagnetism
Pauli paramagnetism is the weak, temperature-independent magnetic response of conduction electrons in a metal arising from their spin alignment described by Fermi–Dirac statistics.
-
B.
Langevin theory of paramagnetism
The Langevin theory of paramagnetism is a classical statistical model that explains how the magnetization of paramagnetic materials depends on temperature and applied magnetic field by treating atomic magnetic moments as non-interacting dipoles subject to thermal agitation.
-
C.
magneto-optical Kerr effect
The magneto-optical Kerr effect is a phenomenon in which the polarization and intensity of light reflected from a magnetized material are altered in a way that depends on the material’s magnetization.
-
D.
Bloch equations
The Bloch equations are a set of differential equations in nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum mechanics that describe the time evolution of nuclear magnetization in an external magnetic field.
-
E.
Lifshitz–Kosevich formula
The Lifshitz–Kosevich formula is a key theoretical expression in solid-state physics that describes how the amplitude of quantum oscillations in metals depends on temperature, magnetic field, and electronic properties.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (55)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
magnetic resonance technique
ⓘ
spectroscopic technique ⓘ |
| analyzes | spin Hamiltonian parameters ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
gases
ⓘ
liquids ⓘ solids ⓘ |
| basedOn |
Zeeman effect
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
electron spin transitions ⓘ |
| characterizes |
defects in solids
ⓘ
free radicals ⓘ paramagnetic species ⓘ transition metal ions ⓘ |
| developedIn | 20th century ⓘ |
| discoveredBy | Yevgeny Zavoisky NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| discoveryYear | 1944 ⓘ |
| doesNotDetect | diamagnetic species ⓘ |
| hasAlias |
EPR
ⓘ
ESR NERFINISHED ⓘ electron spin resonance ⓘ |
| hasKeyParameter |
g-factor
ⓘ
hyperfine coupling constant ⓘ line width ⓘ relaxation time ⓘ |
| hasVariant |
DEER
ⓘ
ENDOR ⓘ ESEEM ⓘ continuous-wave EPR ⓘ double electron–electron resonance ⓘ electron spin echo envelope modulation ⓘ electron–nuclear double resonance NERFINISHED ⓘ high-frequency EPR ⓘ pulsed EPR ⓘ |
| measures |
magnetic interactions of unpaired electrons
ⓘ
resonant absorption of microwaves ⓘ |
| operatesAt | microwave frequencies ⓘ |
| providesInformationOn |
dynamics of paramagnetic species
ⓘ
electronic structure ⓘ local environment of paramagnetic centers ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
magnetic resonance imaging
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
nuclear magnetic resonance ⓘ |
| requires |
cryogenic temperatures for some experiments
ⓘ
non-zero electron spin ⓘ |
| studies | unpaired electrons ⓘ |
| usedFor |
dating of archaeological samples
ⓘ
dosimetry ⓘ identification of paramagnetic centers ⓘ structural analysis of metal complexes ⓘ study of reaction mechanisms involving radicals ⓘ |
| usedIn |
biology
ⓘ
chemistry ⓘ materials science ⓘ medicine ⓘ physics ⓘ |
| uses |
microwave radiation
ⓘ
static magnetic field ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: electron paramagnetic resonance Description of subject: Electron paramagnetic resonance is a spectroscopic technique used to study materials with unpaired electrons by measuring their magnetic interactions in an applied magnetic field.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
EPR spectroscopy
this entity surface form:
ESR spectroscopy