44th Amendment to the Constitution of India
E448912
The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India is a landmark constitutional reform enacted in 1978 that curtailed the sweeping powers introduced during the Emergency, strengthened civil liberties, and sought to prevent future abuses of emergency provisions.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India canonical | 2 |
| Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T4514492 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India Context triple: [Indian Emergency (1975–1977), impactOnConstitution, 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India]
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A.
74th Constitutional Amendment Act of India
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of India is a landmark 1992 amendment that granted constitutional status to urban local bodies, strengthening municipal governance and promoting decentralization and local self-government in cities and towns.
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B.
Part XIV of the Constitution of India
Part XIV of the Constitution of India is the section that lays down the constitutional framework governing services under the Union and the States, including provisions for all-India services and public service commissions.
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C.
Part V of the Constitution of India
Part V of the Constitution of India lays down the framework, powers, and functions of the Union (central) government, including the executive, parliament, and judiciary at the national level.
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D.
Ninth Schedule
The Ninth Schedule is a section of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that lists and organizes key public offices and institutions for constitutional and administrative purposes.
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E.
Article 54 of the Constitution of India
Article 54 of the Constitution of India lays down the provisions for the election of the President of India, including the composition of the electoral college responsible for choosing the President.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India Target entity description: The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India is a landmark constitutional reform enacted in 1978 that curtailed the sweeping powers introduced during the Emergency, strengthened civil liberties, and sought to prevent future abuses of emergency provisions.
-
A.
74th Constitutional Amendment Act of India
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of India is a landmark 1992 amendment that granted constitutional status to urban local bodies, strengthening municipal governance and promoting decentralization and local self-government in cities and towns.
-
B.
Part XIV of the Constitution of India
Part XIV of the Constitution of India is the section that lays down the constitutional framework governing services under the Union and the States, including provisions for all-India services and public service commissions.
-
C.
Part V of the Constitution of India
Part V of the Constitution of India lays down the framework, powers, and functions of the Union (central) government, including the executive, parliament, and judiciary at the national level.
-
D.
Ninth Schedule
The Ninth Schedule is a section of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that lists and organizes key public offices and institutions for constitutional and administrative purposes.
-
E.
Article 54 of the Constitution of India
Article 54 of the Constitution of India lays down the provisions for the election of the President of India, including the composition of the electoral college responsible for choosing the President.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Amendment to the Constitution of India
ⓘ
Indian constitutional amendment ⓘ |
| affectedArticle |
Article 19 of the Constitution of India
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Article 352 of the Constitution of India NERFINISHED ⓘ Article 352(1) of the Constitution of India NERFINISHED ⓘ Article 356 of the Constitution of India NERFINISHED ⓘ Article 359 of the Constitution of India ⓘ Article 74 of the Constitution of India ⓘ Article 83 of the Constitution of India ⓘ |
| affectedPart |
Part III of the Constitution of India
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Part XVIII of the Constitution of India NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| aim |
to protect democratic institutions from authoritarian misuse
ⓘ
to reinforce the supremacy of civil liberties ⓘ |
| amendmentNumber | 44 ⓘ |
| assentBy | President of India NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| assentDate | 1978-04-30 ⓘ |
| category |
1978 in Indian law
ⓘ
Constitutional law of India NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| context | post-Emergency constitutional reform ⓘ |
| country | India ⓘ |
| effect |
introduced safeguards against misuse of Article 352
ⓘ
limited the scope of suspension of fundamental rights during emergency ⓘ made it more difficult to proclaim a national emergency ⓘ provided for periodic parliamentary review of emergency proclamations ⓘ provided that certain freedoms under Article 19 cannot be suspended except in case of war or external aggression ⓘ required special majority for approval of emergency proclamations ⓘ required that a proclamation of emergency be approved by both Houses of Parliament ⓘ required written advice of the Council of Ministers to the President ⓘ restored certain fundamental rights curtailed during the Emergency ⓘ restored the right to property as a legal right rather than a fundamental right ⓘ restricted the duration of President's Rule under Article 356 ⓘ strengthened judicial review of emergency-related actions ⓘ |
| enactmentDate | 1978-04-30 ⓘ |
| enactmentYear | 1978 ⓘ |
| historicalSignificance | considered a landmark in restoring constitutional balance after the Emergency ⓘ |
| introducedBy | Janata Party government NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| legalStatus | in force ⓘ |
| legislature | Parliament of India NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| partOf | Constitution of India NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| purpose |
to curtail sweeping powers introduced during the Emergency
ⓘ
to prevent abuse of emergency provisions ⓘ to reverse several provisions of the 42nd Amendment ⓘ to strengthen civil liberties ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
42nd Amendment to the Constitution of India
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Emergency in India (1975–1977) NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| shortName | Forty-fourth Amendment NERFINISHED ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India Description of subject: The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India is a landmark constitutional reform enacted in 1978 that curtailed the sweeping powers introduced during the Emergency, strengthened civil liberties, and sought to prevent future abuses of emergency provisions.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Article 124 of the Constitution of India
→
amendedBy
→
44th Amendment to the Constitution of India
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978