Alton J. Lemon
E405526
Alton J. Lemon was a civil rights activist and lead plaintiff in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Lemon v. Kurtzman, which established the “Lemon test” for evaluating violations of the Establishment Clause.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Alton J. Lemon canonical | 1 |
| Alton Lemon | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1584810 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Alton J. Lemon Context triple: [Lemon v. Kurtzman, plaintiff, Alton J. Lemon]
-
A.
Delbert D. Black
Delbert D. Black was a United States Navy sailor who became the first senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations, helping to shape the modern role and voice of enlisted personnel in the Navy.
-
B.
Morton D. Hull
Morton D. Hull was an American lawyer and Republican politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Illinois in the early 20th century.
-
C.
Alvin B. Phillips
Alvin B. Phillips is an American engineer and entrepreneur best known as a founder of the data storage company Western Digital.
-
D.
Samuel William Boynton
Samuel William Boynton was the husband and civil rights partner of activist Amelia Boynton Robinson, with whom he worked to advance voting rights for African Americans in the American South.
-
E.
Harry M. Wegeforth
Harry M. Wegeforth was an American physician and civic leader best known for establishing and guiding the early development of the San Diego Zoo into a major zoological institution.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Alton J. Lemon Target entity description: Alton J. Lemon was a civil rights activist and lead plaintiff in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Lemon v. Kurtzman, which established the “Lemon test” for evaluating violations of the Establishment Clause.
-
A.
Delbert D. Black
Delbert D. Black was a United States Navy sailor who became the first senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations, helping to shape the modern role and voice of enlisted personnel in the Navy.
-
B.
Morton D. Hull
Morton D. Hull was an American lawyer and Republican politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Illinois in the early 20th century.
-
C.
Alvin B. Phillips
Alvin B. Phillips is an American engineer and entrepreneur best known as a founder of the data storage company Western Digital.
-
D.
Samuel William Boynton
Samuel William Boynton was the husband and civil rights partner of activist Amelia Boynton Robinson, with whom he worked to advance voting rights for African Americans in the American South.
-
E.
Harry M. Wegeforth
Harry M. Wegeforth was an American physician and civic leader best known for establishing and guiding the early development of the San Diego Zoo into a major zoological institution.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court case
ⓘ
civil rights activist ⓘ legal test ⓘ person ⓘ plaintiff ⓘ |
| advocatedFor |
civil rights
ⓘ
fair housing ⓘ separation of church and state ⓘ voting rights ⓘ |
| appliesTo | Establishment Clause cases ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw | constitutional law ⓘ |
| burialPlace |
Philadelphia
ⓘ
surface form:
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
|
| concerns |
Establishment Clause
ⓘ
surface form:
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
|
| countryOfCitizenship | United States of America ⓘ |
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| dateOfBirth | 1928-10-19 ⓘ |
| dateOfDeath | 2013-05-04 ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 1971-06-28 ⓘ |
| educatedAt | Morehouse College ⓘ |
| established | Lemon test ⓘ |
| ethnicGroup |
Black Americans
ⓘ
surface form:
African Americans
|
| familyName | Lemon ⓘ |
| fieldOfStudy | mathematics ⓘ |
| fullName | Alton Toussaint Lemon ⓘ |
| givenName | Alton ⓘ |
| hasOccupation |
civil rights activist
ⓘ
government employee ⓘ social worker ⓘ |
| honoredBy | Americans United for Separation of Church and State ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| knownFor | Lemon v. Kurtzman ⓘ |
| memberOf |
American Civil Liberties Union
ⓘ
Americans United for Separation of Church and State ⓘ NAACP ⓘ
surface form:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
|
| middleName |
Toussaint Bréda
ⓘ
surface form:
Toussaint
|
| notableFor |
being lead plaintiff in Lemon v. Kurtzman
ⓘ
involvement in landmark Establishment Clause litigation ⓘ |
| numberOfChildren | 1 ⓘ |
| partyAffiliation |
Democratic Party
ⓘ
surface form:
Democratic Party (United States)
|
| placeOfBirth |
McDonough, Georgia
ⓘ
surface form:
McDonough, Georgia, United States
|
| placeOfDeath |
Philadelphia
ⓘ
surface form:
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
|
| plaintiffIn | Lemon v. Kurtzman ⓘ |
| religiousBelief | Unitarian Universalism ⓘ |
| residence |
Philadelphia
ⓘ
surface form:
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
|
| servedIn | United States Army ⓘ |
| spouse | Augusta Lemon ⓘ |
| workedFor |
Pennsylvania Department of Human Services
ⓘ
surface form:
Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare
Philadelphia Department of Public Welfare ⓘ United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ⓘ
surface form:
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
|
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Alton J. Lemon Description of subject: Alton J. Lemon was a civil rights activist and lead plaintiff in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Lemon v. Kurtzman, which established the “Lemon test” for evaluating violations of the Establishment Clause.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Lemon v. Kurtzman
this entity surface form:
Alton Lemon