Operation Wetback
E38599
Operation Wetback was a controversial 1954 U.S. government program that carried out mass deportations of Mexican immigrants, reflecting mid-20th-century nativist and anti-immigrant policies.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Operation Wetback canonical | 2 |
Statements (51)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States immigration enforcement program
ⓘ
mass deportation campaign ⓘ |
| appliesToJurisdiction |
United States government
ⓘ
surface form:
United States federal government
|
| authorizedBy | Dwight D. Eisenhower ⓘ |
| characterizedBy |
lack of due process
ⓘ
racial profiling ⓘ summary deportations ⓘ use of buses, trains, and ships for mass removals ⓘ |
| coordinatedBy | Joseph Swing ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| criticizedFor |
deportation of U.S. citizens of Mexican descent
ⓘ
human rights abuses ⓘ inhumane transport and detention conditions ⓘ reinforcing anti-Mexican racism ⓘ |
| describedAs |
a major episode of mass deportation in U.S. history
ⓘ
controversial ⓘ |
| destination | Mexico ⓘ |
| estimatedNumberOfPeopleDeported |
hundreds of thousands
ⓘ
over one million (widely cited but disputed figure) ⓘ |
| follows | Bracero Program enforcement measures ⓘ |
| hasCause |
anti-immigrant policies in mid-20th-century United States
ⓘ
concerns about unauthorized immigration from Mexico ⓘ nativist sentiment in the United States ⓘ pressure from Southwestern agricultural interests ⓘ |
| hasEffect |
civil liberties violations
ⓘ
family separation ⓘ labor shortages in some U.S. agricultural sectors ⓘ mass deportation of Mexican migrants ⓘ |
| historicalPeriod | 1950s in the United States ⓘ |
| influenced | later U.S. immigration enforcement strategies ⓘ |
| legalBasis |
Immigration and Nationality Act
ⓘ
surface form:
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
|
| location |
Arizona
ⓘ
California, United States ⓘ
surface form:
California
Chicago, Illinois, United States ⓘ
surface form:
Chicago
southwestern United States ⓘ
surface form:
Southwestern United States
Texas ⓘ U.S.–Mexico border ⓘ
surface form:
United States–Mexico border
|
| mainSubject |
Mexican Americans
ⓘ
Mexican immigrants ⓘ Mexican nationals ⓘ |
| notableShipUsed | SS Emancipation ⓘ |
| organizer |
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
ⓘ
surface form:
U.S. Border Patrol
Immigration and Naturalization Service ⓘ
surface form:
U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service
|
| partOf |
Cold War–era domestic policy
ⓘ
United States immigration policy ⓘ |
| pointInTime |
Eisenhower administration
ⓘ
surface form:
Dwight D. Eisenhower administration
|
| startTime | 1954 ⓘ |
| uses |
military-style sweeps
ⓘ
raids in Mexican American neighborhoods ⓘ roadblocks and checkpoints ⓘ workplace raids ⓘ |
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.