Against the Jews (lost work by Apion)
E381208
"Against the Jews" is a lost polemical treatise by the Alexandrian grammarian Apion, known only through hostile references, in which he attacked Jewish history, customs, and religion.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Against the Jews (lost work by Apion) canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3720536 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Against the Jews (lost work by Apion) Context triple: [Against Apion, addressesWork, Against the Jews (lost work by Apion)]
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A.
Josephus’s work "The Jewish War"
Josephus’s work "The Jewish War" is a first-century historical account by the Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus that chronicles the Jewish revolt against Rome, culminating in the siege of Jerusalem and related events.
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B.
Adversus Judaeos
Adversus Judaeos is a polemical theological treatise by Theodulf of Orléans that argues against Jewish beliefs from a Christian perspective in the early Middle Ages.
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C.
Antiquities of the Jews
Antiquities of the Jews is a comprehensive historical work by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus that recounts the history of the Jewish people from biblical times up to the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War.
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D.
The Life of Flavius Josephus
The Life of Flavius Josephus is an autobiographical work by the first-century Jewish historian Josephus, detailing his ancestry, career, and role in the Jewish-Roman War.
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E.
Against Apion
Against Apion is a polemical work by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus that defends Judaism and Jewish history against the criticisms and slanders of Greco-Roman writers.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Against the Jews (lost work by Apion) Target entity description: "Against the Jews" is a lost polemical treatise by the Alexandrian grammarian Apion, known only through hostile references, in which he attacked Jewish history, customs, and religion.
-
A.
Josephus’s work "The Jewish War"
Josephus’s work "The Jewish War" is a first-century historical account by the Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus that chronicles the Jewish revolt against Rome, culminating in the siege of Jerusalem and related events.
-
B.
Adversus Judaeos
Adversus Judaeos is a polemical theological treatise by Theodulf of Orléans that argues against Jewish beliefs from a Christian perspective in the early Middle Ages.
-
C.
Antiquities of the Jews
Antiquities of the Jews is a comprehensive historical work by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus that recounts the history of the Jewish people from biblical times up to the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War.
-
D.
The Life of Flavius Josephus
The Life of Flavius Josephus is an autobiographical work by the first-century Jewish historian Josephus, detailing his ancestry, career, and role in the Jewish-Roman War.
-
E.
Against Apion
Against Apion is a polemical work by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus that defends Judaism and Jewish history against the criticisms and slanders of Greco-Roman writers.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (39)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
anti-Jewish work
ⓘ
lost work ⓘ polemical treatise ⓘ |
| associatedWith | Alexandrian anti-Jewish agitation ⓘ |
| attitudeTowardJews | anti-Jewish ⓘ |
| author | Apion ⓘ |
| authorOccupation | grammatian ⓘ |
| authorOrigin | Alexandria ⓘ |
| controversial | true ⓘ |
| culturalContext | Hellenistic Greek culture ⓘ |
| extantForm | fragments in hostile sources ⓘ |
| genre |
polemical literature
ⓘ
religious polemic ⓘ |
| historicalGenre | ethnographic polemic ⓘ |
| historicalPeriod | early Roman Empire ⓘ |
| historicalSignificance | example of ancient anti-Judaism ⓘ |
| knownFrom |
Against Apion
ⓘ
surface form:
Against Apion (work by Josephus)
Flavius Josephus ⓘ
surface form:
Josephus
|
| language | Ancient Greek ⓘ |
| literaryForm | prose ⓘ |
| literaryTradition | Greco-Roman anti-Jewish polemic ⓘ |
| mainTopic |
Jewish customs
ⓘ
Jewish history ⓘ Jewish religion ⓘ Judaism ⓘ |
| opposedBy |
Flavius Josephus
ⓘ
surface form:
Josephus
|
| perspective | hostile to Judaism ⓘ |
| placeOfComposition | Alexandria ⓘ |
| relatedWork |
Against Apion
ⓘ
surface form:
Against Apion (work by Josephus)
|
| religiousContext | pagan critique of Judaism ⓘ |
| religiousPolemicAgainst | Judaism ⓘ |
| status | lost ⓘ |
| subjectOf | refutation in Against Apion ⓘ |
| survival | known only through quotations and summaries ⓘ |
| targetAudience | Greco-Roman readers ⓘ |
| transmission | not directly preserved ⓘ |
| workFocus |
criticism of Jewish laws
ⓘ
criticism of Jewish origins ⓘ criticism of Jewish practices ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Against the Jews (lost work by Apion) Description of subject: "Against the Jews" is a lost polemical treatise by the Alexandrian grammarian Apion, known only through hostile references, in which he attacked Jewish history, customs, and religion.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.