United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services
E353368
United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services is a landmark WTO dispute case concerning U.S. restrictions on online gambling services and their consistency with international trade rules under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3389727 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services Context triple: [WTO Appellate Body, notableCase, United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services]
-
A.
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement is a specialized division responsible for regulating, monitoring, and enforcing laws related to legal gaming activities within the state of Oregon.
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B.
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is a 1988 U.S. federal law that establishes the legal framework and regulatory structure for Native American gaming operations on tribal lands.
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C.
Bitcoin Law in El Salvador
Bitcoin Law in El Salvador is the 2021 legislation that made Bitcoin legal tender in the country, aiming to promote financial inclusion, attract investment, and modernize its economy.
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D.
Financial Regulations of the Council of Europe
The Financial Regulations of the Council of Europe are the internal legal and procedural rules that govern how the Council’s budget is prepared, managed, controlled, and reported.
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E.
New York State Gaming Commission
The New York State Gaming Commission is the government agency responsible for overseeing and regulating gambling and gaming activities throughout New York State.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services Target entity description: United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services is a landmark WTO dispute case concerning U.S. restrictions on online gambling services and their consistency with international trade rules under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
-
A.
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement is a specialized division responsible for regulating, monitoring, and enforcing laws related to legal gaming activities within the state of Oregon.
-
B.
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is a 1988 U.S. federal law that establishes the legal framework and regulatory structure for Native American gaming operations on tribal lands.
-
C.
Bitcoin Law in El Salvador
Bitcoin Law in El Salvador is the 2021 legislation that made Bitcoin legal tender in the country, aiming to promote financial inclusion, attract investment, and modernize its economy.
-
D.
Financial Regulations of the Council of Europe
The Financial Regulations of the Council of Europe are the internal legal and procedural rules that govern how the Council’s budget is prepared, managed, controlled, and reported.
-
E.
New York State Gaming Commission
The New York State Gaming Commission is the government agency responsible for overseeing and regulating gambling and gaming activities throughout New York State.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (50)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
WTO dispute
ⓘ
WTO dispute settlement case ⓘ trade in services dispute ⓘ |
| agreementInvoked |
General Agreement on Trade in Services
ⓘ
surface form:
GATS
|
| appealedTo |
WTO Appellate Body
ⓘ
surface form:
Appellate Body
|
| complainant | Antigua and Barbuda ⓘ |
| complainantObjective | market access for Antiguan online gambling operators in the US market ⓘ |
| complianceIssue | United States did not fully bring measures into conformity ⓘ |
| finding |
US failed to demonstrate that measures satisfied requirements of GATS Article XIV chapeau
ⓘ
US measures were found inconsistent with GATS Article XVI ⓘ |
| geographicalScope | measures applied by the United States affecting foreign suppliers ⓘ |
| importance |
first major WTO case on internet gambling
ⓘ
landmark case on trade in services under GATS ⓘ |
| institution | World Trade Organization ⓘ |
| keyFederalMeasure |
Illegal Gambling Business Act
ⓘ
Travel Act ⓘ Wire Act of 1961 ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
consistency of US gambling restrictions with GATS commitments
ⓘ
general exceptions under GATS Article XIV ⓘ market access under GATS Article XVI ⓘ national treatment under GATS Article XVII ⓘ |
| measureTypeChallenged |
federal laws
ⓘ
state laws ⓘ |
| modeOfSupplyConcerned | cross-border supply (Mode 1) ⓘ |
| outcomeForComplainant | Antigua and Barbuda prevailed on key claims ⓘ |
| panelEstablishedBy |
Dispute Settlement Body
ⓘ
surface form:
WTO Dispute Settlement Body
|
| policyArea |
international trade law
ⓘ
regulation of online gambling ⓘ |
| raisedIssue |
scope of US GATS commitments on recreational services
ⓘ
use of public morals exception in trade in services ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
cross-border electronic commerce
ⓘ
market access commitments ⓘ public morals exception ⓘ |
| respondent |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| retaliationAuthorized | Antigua and Barbuda ⓘ |
| retaliationForm | suspension of obligations under TRIPS ⓘ |
| sectorConcerned | gambling and betting services ⓘ |
| shortName | US – Gambling ⓘ |
| subjectMatter |
cross-border betting services
ⓘ
online gambling services ⓘ |
| thirdParty |
Australia
ⓘ
Canada ⓘ Chinese Taipei ⓘ Costa Rica ⓘ European Economic Community ⓘ
surface form:
European Communities
India ⓘ Japan ⓘ Macau ⓘ
surface form:
Macau, China
Mexico ⓘ |
| WTOdisputeNumber | DS285 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services Description of subject: United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services is a landmark WTO dispute case concerning U.S. restrictions on online gambling services and their consistency with international trade rules under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
WTO Appellate Body
→
notableCase
→
United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services
ⓘ