Environmental Modification Convention

E321740

arms control treaty disarmament treaty international treaty multilateral treaty

The Environmental Modification Convention is an international treaty that prohibits the military or hostile use of environmental modification techniques, such as weather manipulation, as a means of warfare.

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All labels observed (2)

Label	Occurrences
Environmental Modification Convention canonical	3
Convention on Environmental Modification	2

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3027194 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Environmental Modification Convention
Context triple: [Conference on Disarmament, negotiatedInstrument, Environmental Modification Convention]

A. Revised Kyoto Convention
The Revised Kyoto Convention is an international agreement that sets modern, harmonized standards and best practices for simplifying and securing customs procedures worldwide.
B. Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is an international agreement that designates Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science, imposing strict environmental safeguards and a ban on mineral resource activities.
C. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification is a global environmental treaty focused on preventing land degradation and desertification, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, to support sustainable land management and livelihoods.
D. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international agreement that regulates the transboundary movement, handling, and use of living modified organisms to protect biodiversity and human health.
E. Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity is a landmark international treaty adopted in 1992 that aims to conserve biological diversity, promote sustainable use of its components, and ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Environmental Modification Convention
Target entity description: The Environmental Modification Convention is an international treaty that prohibits the military or hostile use of environmental modification techniques, such as weather manipulation, as a means of warfare.

A. Revised Kyoto Convention
The Revised Kyoto Convention is an international agreement that sets modern, harmonized standards and best practices for simplifying and securing customs procedures worldwide.
B. Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is an international agreement that designates Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science, imposing strict environmental safeguards and a ban on mineral resource activities.
C. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification is a global environmental treaty focused on preventing land degradation and desertification, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, to support sustainable land management and livelihoods.
D. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international agreement that regulates the transboundary movement, handling, and use of living modified organisms to protect biodiversity and human health.
E. Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity is a landmark international treaty adopted in 1992 that aims to conserve biological diversity, promote sustainable use of its components, and ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (46)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	arms control treaty ⓘ disarmament treaty ⓘ international treaty ⓘ multilateral treaty ⓘ
adoptedOn	1976-05-10 ⓘ
aim	to limit environmental damage caused by military activities ⓘ to prevent environmental modification techniques from being used as a means of warfare ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	Environmental Modification Convention ⓘ surface form: Convention on Environmental Modification
article	Article I prohibits military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques with widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury ⓘ
bindingOn	States that have ratified or acceded to the Convention ⓘ
category	United Nations treaty ⓘ treaty on weapons of mass destruction-related issues ⓘ
concludedAt	Geneva ⓘ
context	Cold War ⓘ
defines	environmental modification techniques as any technique for changing—through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes—the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space ⓘ
depository	Secretary-General of the United Nations ⓘ
enteredIntoForceOn	1978-10-05 ⓘ
fullName	Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques ⓘ
geographicalScope	global ⓘ
language	Arabic ⓘ Chinese ⓘ English ⓘ French ⓘ Russian ⓘ Spanish ⓘ
negotiatedIn	Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament ⓘ surface form: Conference of the Committee on Disarmament
openedForSignatureOn	1977-05-18 ⓘ
partyType	open to all States ⓘ
prohibits	deliberate environmental modification as a means of destruction, damage or injury ⓘ weather manipulation for hostile purposes ⓘ
relatedTo	environmental protection in armed conflict ⓘ geoengineering ⓘ international humanitarian law ⓘ law of armed conflict ⓘ weather modification ⓘ
requires	States Parties to refrain from assisting, encouraging or inducing any State, group of States or international organization to engage in prohibited environmental modification activities ⓘ States Parties to undertake not to engage in military or hostile environmental modification ⓘ
scope	does not prohibit peaceful uses of environmental modification techniques ⓘ prohibits the use of environmental modification techniques for military or hostile purposes ⓘ
shortName	ENMOD Convention ⓘ Environmental Modification Convention self-link ⓘ
subject	environmental warfare ⓘ prohibition of military use of environmental modification techniques ⓘ weather modification in warfare ⓘ
verificationMechanism	allows complaints to the United Nations Security Council regarding alleged violations ⓘ provides for consultation and cooperation among States Parties ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (5)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Conference on Disarmament → negotiatedInstrument → Environmental Modification Convention ⓘ

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques → shortName → Environmental Modification Convention ⓘ

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques → alsoKnownAs → Environmental Modification Convention ⓘ

this entity surface form: Convention on Environmental Modification

Environmental Modification Convention → shortName → Environmental Modification Convention self-link ⓘ

Environmental Modification Convention → alsoKnownAs → Environmental Modification Convention ⓘ