Battle of the Frigidus
E281727
The Battle of the Frigidus was a decisive 394 AD clash in the Eastern Alps in which Emperor Theodosius I defeated the usurper Eugenius, helping to secure the political and religious unity of the Roman Empire under Nicene Christianity.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Battle of the Frigidus canonical | 5 |
| Battle of the Frigidus River | 2 |
| Battle of the River Frigidus | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2594828 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of the Frigidus Context triple: [Theodosius I, militaryConflict, Battle of the Frigidus]
-
A.
Battle of Naissus
The Battle of Naissus was a major 3rd-century clash in which Roman forces decisively defeated invading Gothic tribes, helping to stabilize the Roman Empire’s Balkan frontier.
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B.
Battle of the Ticinus
The Battle of the Ticinus was an early cavalry engagement of the Second Punic War in 218 BC, where Hannibal defeated Roman forces shortly after crossing the Alps into Italy.
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C.
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE) was a decisive clash between Constantine and Maxentius near Rome, famous for Constantine’s reported vision that led to his adoption of the Christian symbol and helped pave the way for the Roman Empire’s Christianization.
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D.
Battle of Pollentia
The Battle of Pollentia was a pivotal 402 AD clash in northern Italy where Roman forces under Stilicho confronted Alaric’s Visigoths, temporarily halting their advance into the Western Roman Empire.
-
E.
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains was a pivotal 451 AD clash in Gaul where Roman and allied forces halted Attila the Hun’s advance into Western Europe.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of the Frigidus Target entity description: The Battle of the Frigidus was a decisive 394 AD clash in the Eastern Alps in which Emperor Theodosius I defeated the usurper Eugenius, helping to secure the political and religious unity of the Roman Empire under Nicene Christianity.
-
A.
Battle of Naissus
The Battle of Naissus was a major 3rd-century clash in which Roman forces decisively defeated invading Gothic tribes, helping to stabilize the Roman Empire’s Balkan frontier.
-
B.
Battle of the Ticinus
The Battle of the Ticinus was an early cavalry engagement of the Second Punic War in 218 BC, where Hannibal defeated Roman forces shortly after crossing the Alps into Italy.
-
C.
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE) was a decisive clash between Constantine and Maxentius near Rome, famous for Constantine’s reported vision that led to his adoption of the Christian symbol and helped pave the way for the Roman Empire’s Christianization.
-
D.
Battle of Pollentia
The Battle of Pollentia was a pivotal 402 AD clash in northern Italy where Roman forces under Stilicho confronted Alaric’s Visigoths, temporarily halting their advance into the Western Roman Empire.
-
E.
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains was a pivotal 451 AD clash in Gaul where Roman and allied forces halted Attila the Hun’s advance into Western Europe.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Roman civil war battle
ⓘ
battle ⓘ |
| aftermath |
Theodosius I became sole emperor of the Roman Empire
ⓘ
execution of Eugenius ⓘ strengthening of Nicene Christianity as the dominant imperial religion ⓘ suicide or death of Arbogast shortly after the battle ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs |
Battle of the Frigidus
ⓘ
surface form:
Battle of the Frigidus River
Battle of the Frigidus ⓘ
surface form:
Battle of the River Frigidus
|
| casualties | heavy losses among Gothic troops fighting for Theodosius I ⓘ |
| chronology |
fought during the reign of Theodosius I
ⓘ
occurred shortly before the permanent division of the Roman Empire after Theodosius I ⓘ |
| combatant |
Byzantine Empire
ⓘ
surface form:
Eastern Roman Empire
Western Roman forces of Eugenius ⓘ |
| commander |
Arbogast
ⓘ
Eugenius ⓘ Theodosius I ⓘ |
| date | 394 ⓘ |
| endDate | 394-09-06 ⓘ |
| era |
Late Antiquity
ⓘ
late 4th century AD ⓘ |
| opponentOf |
Arbogast
ⓘ
Eugenius ⓘ |
| partOf |
Roman civil wars of the Tetrarchic period
ⓘ
surface form:
Roman civil wars
conflicts of the late Roman Empire ⓘ |
| place |
Eastern Alps
ⓘ
Frigidus River ⓘ
surface form:
Frigidus River valley
in present-day Slovenia ⓘ near the Vipava Valley ⓘ |
| politicalConsequence |
consolidation of Theodosius I’s authority over both Eastern and Western Roman Empires
ⓘ
end of effective pagan resistance at the imperial level ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Arbogast
ⓘ
Eugenius ⓘ Nicene Christianity ⓘ Theodosius I ⓘ late Roman religious policy ⓘ |
| religiousContext | conflict between Nicene Christianity and pagan or traditional religious elements ⓘ |
| result |
defeat of Eugenius
ⓘ
reunification of the Roman Empire under Theodosius I ⓘ victory of Theodosius I ⓘ |
| significance |
decisive battle in the struggle between Theodosius I and the usurper Eugenius
ⓘ
helped secure political unity of the Roman Empire ⓘ helped secure religious unity of the Roman Empire under Nicene Christianity ⓘ |
| startDate | 394-09-05 ⓘ |
| supportedBy |
Alanic contingents
ⓘ
Gothic federate troops ⓘ other barbarian foederati ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Battle of the Frigidus Description of subject: The Battle of the Frigidus was a decisive 394 AD clash in the Eastern Alps in which Emperor Theodosius I defeated the usurper Eugenius, helping to secure the political and religious unity of the Roman Empire under Nicene Christianity.
Referenced by (8)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Battle of the Frigidus
this entity surface form:
Battle of the Frigidus River
this entity surface form:
Battle of the River Frigidus
this entity surface form:
Battle of the Frigidus River