Haldane’s rule

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Haldane’s rule is a principle in evolutionary biology stating that when in the offspring of two different animal species or subspecies one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is usually the heterogametic one (e.g., XY or ZW).

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Haldane’s rule canonical 1

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Predicate Object
instanceOf evolutionary biology principle
rule in speciation genetics
appliesTo animals with genetic sex determination
hybrids between species
hybrids between subspecies
appliesWhen one hybrid sex is absent
one hybrid sex is rare
one hybrid sex is sterile
concerns hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility
sex-specific hybrid dysfunction
exceptionCases taxa with environmental sex determination
taxa without differentiated sex chromosomes
explainedBy dominance theory of hybrid incompatibilities
faster-X theory
faster-male theory
field evolutionary biology
hybridization studies
speciation research
heterogameticSexExamples XY males in mammals and Drosophila
ZW females in birds and butterflies
involves heterogametic sex
homogametic sex
sex-linked genetic incompatibilities
namedAfter J. B. S. Haldane
originallyFormulatedBy J. B. S. Haldane
originalPublicationContext paper on hybrid sterility in the journal Journal of Genetics
originalPublicationYear 1922
patternType empirical generalization
predicts greater hybrid inviability in the heterogametic sex
greater hybrid sterility in the heterogametic sex
relatedConcept Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities
postzygotic reproductive isolation
sex chromosomes
speciation genetics
states the heterogametic sex is more likely to be absent, rare, or sterile in hybrids
status widely accepted empirical rule in evolutionary biology
supportedBy data from Drosophila hybrids
data from Lepidoptera hybrids
data from avian hybrids
data from mammalian hybrids
usedIn comparative analyses of reproductive isolation
interpretation of hybrid zone patterns
tests of speciation models

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J. B. S. Haldane notableFor Haldane’s rule