Onsager reciprocal relations
E163911
Onsager reciprocal relations are fundamental symmetry relations in nonequilibrium thermodynamics that link pairs of coupled fluxes and forces, showing that certain transport coefficients are equal.
All labels observed (5)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Onsager reciprocal relations canonical | 3 |
| Onsager relation | 1 |
| Onsager–Casimir reciprocal relations | 1 |
| Onsager–Casimir relations | 1 |
| Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1432637 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Onsager reciprocal relations Context triple: [Lars Onsager, knownFor, Onsager reciprocal relations]
-
A.
The Principles of Statistical Mechanics
The Principles of Statistical Mechanics is a classic 1938 textbook by Richard C. Tolman that systematically develops the foundations of statistical mechanics and its applications to thermodynamics and physical chemistry.
-
B.
Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics
Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics is a mathematically rigorous restatement of the second law based on the inaccessibility of certain thermodynamic states, providing a foundation for the concept of entropy without relying on cyclic processes or heat engines.
-
C.
Einstein–Smoluchowski relation
The Einstein–Smoluchowski relation is a fundamental equation in statistical physics that links the diffusion coefficient of particles undergoing Brownian motion to their mobility and thermal energy.
-
D.
Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy in statistical mechanics
Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy in statistical mechanics is the standard measure of disorder or uncertainty in a system, quantifying how many microscopic configurations correspond to a given macroscopic state and forming the basis of classical equilibrium statistical mechanics.
-
E.
On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
"On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" is Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper that introduced the concept of light quanta (photons), laying the foundation for quantum theory and explaining the photoelectric effect.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Onsager reciprocal relations Target entity description: Onsager reciprocal relations are fundamental symmetry relations in nonequilibrium thermodynamics that link pairs of coupled fluxes and forces, showing that certain transport coefficients are equal.
-
A.
The Principles of Statistical Mechanics
The Principles of Statistical Mechanics is a classic 1938 textbook by Richard C. Tolman that systematically develops the foundations of statistical mechanics and its applications to thermodynamics and physical chemistry.
-
B.
Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics
Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics is a mathematically rigorous restatement of the second law based on the inaccessibility of certain thermodynamic states, providing a foundation for the concept of entropy without relying on cyclic processes or heat engines.
-
C.
Einstein–Smoluchowski relation
The Einstein–Smoluchowski relation is a fundamental equation in statistical physics that links the diffusion coefficient of particles undergoing Brownian motion to their mobility and thermal energy.
-
D.
Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy in statistical mechanics
Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy in statistical mechanics is the standard measure of disorder or uncertainty in a system, quantifying how many microscopic configurations correspond to a given macroscopic state and forming the basis of classical equilibrium statistical mechanics.
-
E.
On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
"On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" is Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper that introduced the concept of light quanta (photons), laying the foundation for quantum theory and explaining the photoelectric effect.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
physical law
ⓘ
principle of nonequilibrium thermodynamics ⓘ symmetry relation ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
linear irreversible processes
ⓘ
near-equilibrium systems ⓘ |
| basedOn |
microscopic reversibility
ⓘ
time-reversal symmetry ⓘ |
| category |
reciprocity relations in physics
ⓘ
thermodynamic relations ⓘ |
| connectedTo |
fluctuation–dissipation theorem
ⓘ
surface form:
Green–Kubo relations
fluctuation–dissipation theorem ⓘ |
| contributedTo | award of Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Lars Onsager ⓘ |
| describes |
coupled fluxes and forces
ⓘ
symmetry of transport coefficients ⓘ |
| field |
nonequilibrium thermodynamics
ⓘ
statistical mechanics ⓘ transport theory ⓘ |
| foundationFor | linear irreversible thermodynamics ⓘ |
| generalizedBy |
Onsager reciprocal relations
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Onsager–Casimir relations
|
| hasAuthor | Lars Onsager ⓘ |
| hasExtension |
Onsager reciprocal relations
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Onsager–Casimir reciprocal relations
|
| implies |
constraints on transport coefficients
ⓘ
relations between different transport phenomena ⓘ symmetry of the phenomenological coefficient matrix ⓘ |
| involvesConcept |
entropy production
ⓘ
phenomenological coefficients ⓘ thermodynamic flux ⓘ thermodynamic force ⓘ |
| mathematicalForm | J_i = Σ_j L_ij X_j ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Lars Onsager ⓘ |
| publicationYear | 1931 ⓘ |
| publishedIn | Physical Review ⓘ |
| recognizedBy |
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (through its scientists)
ⓘ
surface form:
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968
|
| relates |
Soret and Dufour effects
ⓘ
heat conduction and diffusion ⓘ thermoelectric effects ⓘ viscous flow and diffusion in mixtures ⓘ |
| requires |
linearity between fluxes and forces
ⓘ
local equilibrium assumption ⓘ |
| statesThat |
L_ij = L_ji for appropriate thermodynamic forces and fluxes
ⓘ
certain cross-coefficients in linear transport equations are equal in pairs ⓘ |
| usedIn |
biological transport processes
ⓘ
colloidal suspensions ⓘ soft condensed matter physics ⓘ thermoelectric transport ⓘ transport theory of electrolytes ⓘ |
| validWhen | magnetic fields are absent or properly accounted for ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Onsager reciprocal relations Description of subject: Onsager reciprocal relations are fundamental symmetry relations in nonequilibrium thermodynamics that link pairs of coupled fluxes and forces, showing that certain transport coefficients are equal.
Referenced by (7)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes
Onsager reciprocal relations
→
generalizedBy
→
Onsager reciprocal relations
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
Onsager–Casimir relations
Onsager reciprocal relations
→
hasExtension
→
Onsager reciprocal relations
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
Onsager–Casimir reciprocal relations
this entity surface form:
Onsager relation