Rule 23
E142864
provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
rule on jury size
rule on trial by jury
rule on trial without a jury
Rule 23 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs how and when a criminal defendant’s case is tried by a jury or by a judge alone.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Fed. R. Crim. P. 23 | 1 |
| Rule 23 canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1228782 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Rule 23 Context triple: [Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, contains, Rule 23]
-
A.
Rule 21
Rule 21 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs the transfer of criminal proceedings from one district court to another to ensure fairness or convenience.
-
B.
Rule 37
Rule 37 is a provision of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that governs sanctions and remedies for failures to make disclosures or cooperate in discovery during civil litigation.
-
C.
Rule 44
Rule 44 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs the right to and appointment of counsel for defendants in federal criminal cases, including issues of joint representation and potential conflicts of interest.
-
D.
Rule 65
Rule 65 is a provision of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that governs the issuance and terms of temporary restraining orders and preliminary and permanent injunctions in federal civil cases.
-
E.
Rule 32
Rule 32 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs procedures and requirements surrounding sentencing in federal criminal cases.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Rule 23 Target entity description: Rule 23 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs how and when a criminal defendant’s case is tried by a jury or by a judge alone.
-
A.
Rule 21
Rule 21 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs the transfer of criminal proceedings from one district court to another to ensure fairness or convenience.
-
B.
Rule 37
Rule 37 is a provision of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that governs sanctions and remedies for failures to make disclosures or cooperate in discovery during civil litigation.
-
C.
Rule 44
Rule 44 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs the right to and appointment of counsel for defendants in federal criminal cases, including issues of joint representation and potential conflicts of interest.
-
D.
Rule 65
Rule 65 is a provision of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that governs the issuance and terms of temporary restraining orders and preliminary and permanent injunctions in federal civil cases.
-
E.
Rule 32
Rule 32 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs procedures and requirements surrounding sentencing in federal criminal cases.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (45)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
ⓘ
rule on jury size ⓘ rule on trial by jury ⓘ rule on trial without a jury ⓘ |
| allows |
a jury of fewer than 12 members if the court finds good cause to excuse a juror
ⓘ
a jury of fewer than 12 members with the parties’ stipulation ⓘ general finding of guilt or innocence by the court in a bench trial ⓘ waiver of jury trial by the defendant ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
any case in which a jury trial is otherwise required
ⓘ
criminal cases tried by a judge alone ⓘ criminal defendants ⓘ criminal prosecutions in federal court ⓘ felony cases ⓘ jury composition in federal criminal trials ⓘ |
| authority | 28 U.S.C. § 2072 ⓘ |
| bindingOn | United States district courts ⓘ |
| citationForm |
Rule 23
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Fed. R. Crim. P. 23
|
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| enactedBy |
Supreme Court of the United States (rulemaking under the Rules Enabling Act)
ⓘ
surface form:
Supreme Court of the United States under the Rules Enabling Act
|
| governs |
bench trials in criminal cases
ⓘ
trial by court in criminal cases ⓘ trial by jury in criminal cases ⓘ |
| hasSection |
Rule 23(a)
ⓘ
Rule 23(b) ⓘ Rule 23(c) ⓘ |
| hasType | procedural rule ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
U.S. federal courts
ⓘ
surface form:
United States federal courts
|
| language | English ⓘ |
| legalDomain | criminal procedure ⓘ |
| partOf | Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure ⓘ |
| provides | that a jury must begin with 12 members ⓘ |
| purpose |
to protect the right to jury trial while allowing waiver under controlled conditions
ⓘ
to regulate the mode of trial in federal criminal cases ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
ⓘ
surface form:
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 24
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure ⓘ
surface form:
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 31
Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury ⓘ |
| requires |
approval of the court for waiver of jury trial
ⓘ
consent of the government for waiver of jury trial ⓘ jury trial ⓘ that any stipulation to a smaller jury be in writing or on the record ⓘ that cases required to be tried by jury must be so tried unless waived ⓘ that in a bench trial the court must find the defendant guilty or not guilty ⓘ that the court must make specific findings of fact in a case tried without a jury if requested ⓘ |
| scope | federal criminal trials at the trial-court level ⓘ |
| sets | size of a federal criminal jury ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Rule 23 Description of subject: Rule 23 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs how and when a criminal defendant’s case is tried by a jury or by a judge alone.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Fed. R. Crim. P. 23