Samalas volcano
E134046
Samalas volcano is a large stratovolcano on Indonesia’s Lombok Island whose massive 13th-century eruption is considered one of the most powerful volcanic events of the last millennium.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| 1257 Samalas eruption | 1 |
| Samalas volcano canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1053819 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Samalas volcano Context triple: [Mount Rinjani, isAssociatedWith, Samalas volcano]
-
A.
Mount Tambora
Mount Tambora is a massive stratovolcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, best known for its cataclysmic 1815 eruption that caused global climatic effects and the "Year Without a Summer."
-
B.
Lascar volcano
Lascar volcano is an active stratovolcano in northern Chile known for its frequent eruptions and prominent ash plumes within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes.
-
C.
Mount Novarupta
Mount Novarupta is a volcano in Alaska’s Katmai region, best known for its massive 1912 eruption, one of the largest of the 20th century.
-
D.
Maderas Volcano
Maderas Volcano is a dormant stratovolcano on Ometepe Island in southwestern Nicaragua, known for its cloud forest, crater lake, and rich biodiversity.
-
E.
Misti volcano
Misti volcano is a prominent stratovolcano in southern Peru, known for its symmetrical cone and its looming presence over the city of Arequipa.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Samalas volcano Target entity description: Samalas volcano is a large stratovolcano on Indonesia’s Lombok Island whose massive 13th-century eruption is considered one of the most powerful volcanic events of the last millennium.
-
A.
Mount Tambora
Mount Tambora is a massive stratovolcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, best known for its cataclysmic 1815 eruption that caused global climatic effects and the "Year Without a Summer."
-
B.
Lascar volcano
Lascar volcano is an active stratovolcano in northern Chile known for its frequent eruptions and prominent ash plumes within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes.
-
C.
Mount Novarupta
Mount Novarupta is a volcano in Alaska’s Katmai region, best known for its massive 1912 eruption, one of the largest of the 20th century.
-
D.
Maderas Volcano
Maderas Volcano is a dormant stratovolcano on Ometepe Island in southwestern Nicaragua, known for its cloud forest, crater lake, and rich biodiversity.
-
E.
Misti volcano
Misti volcano is a prominent stratovolcano in southern Peru, known for its symmetrical cone and its looming presence over the city of Arequipa.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
active volcano
ⓘ
stratovolcano ⓘ |
| associatedLake | Segara Anak ⓘ |
| calderaFormation |
Mount Rinjani
ⓘ
surface form:
Rinjani caldera
|
| centuryOfMajorEruption | 13th century ⓘ |
| country | Indonesia ⓘ |
| createdCaldera |
Segara Anak crater lake
ⓘ
surface form:
Segara Anak caldera
|
| eruptionDateApproximation | between May and October 1257 ⓘ |
| eruptionEffect |
burial of settlements around the volcano
ⓘ
widespread devastation on Lombok ⓘ |
| eruptionExplosivityIndexAt1257 | 7 ⓘ |
| eruptionImpact |
global climatic cooling
ⓘ
stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection ⓘ |
| eruptionMagnitude | VEI-7 ⓘ |
| eruptionProducts |
ash
ⓘ
pumice ⓘ pyroclastic density currents ⓘ |
| eruptionType |
Plinian eruption
ⓘ
ultra-Plinian eruption ⓘ |
| eruptionYear | 1257 ⓘ |
| hazardType |
ash fall
ⓘ
lahars ⓘ pyroclastic flows ⓘ |
| identifiedBy |
Franck Lavigne
ⓘ
international research team in 2013 ⓘ |
| knownFor |
candidate source of the 1257 sulfur spike in polar ice cores
ⓘ
one of the most powerful eruptions of the last millennium ⓘ |
| linkedTo |
13th-century global temperature drop
ⓘ
ice-core sulfate peaks around 1257 ⓘ |
| listedIn | Global Volcanism Program ⓘ |
| locatedIn |
Lesser Sunda Islands
ⓘ
West Nusa Tenggara ⓘ |
| locatedOn |
Lombok Island
ⓘ
Sunda Arc ⓘ |
| mountainRange |
Sunda Arc
ⓘ
surface form:
Sunda volcanic arc
|
| nearbyIsland | Bali ⓘ |
| nearbySettlement | Mataram ⓘ |
| notableEruption |
Samalas volcano
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
1257 Samalas eruption
|
| partOf |
Mount Rinjani
ⓘ
surface form:
Mount Rinjani volcanic complex
|
| region | Southeast Asia ⓘ |
| researchPublicationYear | 2013 ⓘ |
| subductionOf |
Indo-Australian Plate
ⓘ
surface form:
Australian Plate beneath Sunda Plate
|
| tectonicSetting | subduction zone volcano ⓘ |
| tephraVolume | approximately 40 cubic kilometers ⓘ |
| VEI | 7 ⓘ |
| volcanicArcBelt |
Inner Banda Arc
ⓘ
surface form:
Sunda–Banda Arc
|
| volcanoNumber | 0604-03 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Samalas volcano Description of subject: Samalas volcano is a large stratovolcano on Indonesia’s Lombok Island whose massive 13th-century eruption is considered one of the most powerful volcanic events of the last millennium.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
1257 Samalas eruption