Helmholtz free energy
E1010551
Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Helmholtz free energy canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T12945556 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Helmholtz free energy Context triple: [Gibbs free energy, relatedTo, Helmholtz free energy]
-
A.
Gibbs free energy
Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that predicts the spontaneity of processes and the maximum non-expansion work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure.
-
B.
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances is a foundational 1923 textbook by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall that systematically applied thermodynamic principles to chemical equilibria and free energy, helping to establish modern physical chemistry.
-
C.
Clausius theorem
The Clausius theorem is a fundamental result in thermodynamics that formalizes the second law by relating the cyclic integral of heat transfer over temperature to entropy, showing that this quantity is always less than or equal to zero for any cyclic process.
-
D.
Sackur–Tetrode equation
The Sackur–Tetrode equation is a fundamental formula in statistical mechanics that gives the absolute entropy of an ideal monatomic gas in terms of its volume, temperature, and particle number.
-
E.
Onsager–Machlup function
The Onsager–Machlup function is a functional in stochastic process theory that characterizes the most probable paths of fluctuating systems, playing a key role in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and large deviation theory.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Helmholtz free energy Target entity description: Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume.
-
A.
Gibbs free energy
Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that predicts the spontaneity of processes and the maximum non-expansion work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure.
-
B.
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances is a foundational 1923 textbook by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall that systematically applied thermodynamic principles to chemical equilibria and free energy, helping to establish modern physical chemistry.
-
C.
Clausius theorem
The Clausius theorem is a fundamental result in thermodynamics that formalizes the second law by relating the cyclic integral of heat transfer over temperature to entropy, showing that this quantity is always less than or equal to zero for any cyclic process.
-
D.
Sackur–Tetrode equation
The Sackur–Tetrode equation is a fundamental formula in statistical mechanics that gives the absolute entropy of an ideal monatomic gas in terms of its volume, temperature, and particle number.
-
E.
Onsager–Machlup function
The Onsager–Machlup function is a functional in stochastic process theory that characterizes the most probable paths of fluctuating systems, playing a key role in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and large deviation theory.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
state function
ⓘ
thermodynamic potential ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs |
Helmholtz energy
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Helmholtz function NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
closed systems
ⓘ
systems in contact with a heat bath at fixed temperature ⓘ |
| conditionForSpontaneity | process at constant T and V is spontaneous if ΔF < 0 ⓘ |
| conjugateTo |
chemical potential via particle number
ⓘ
pressure via volume ⓘ |
| definedByEquation | F = U - T S ⓘ |
| dependsOn |
canonical partition function
ⓘ
entropy ⓘ internal energy ⓘ temperature ⓘ |
| dimension | energy ⓘ |
| ensemble | canonical ensemble ⓘ |
| equilibriumCondition | ΔF = 0 at equilibrium for reversible processes at constant T and V ⓘ |
| extensiveOrIntensive | extensive quantity ⓘ |
| LegendreTransformOf | internal energy with respect to entropy ⓘ |
| mathematicalProperty | is a function of state variables T, V, N ⓘ |
| minimumPrinciple | equilibrium at constant T and V corresponds to minimum Helmholtz free energy ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Hermann von Helmholtz NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| naturalVariable |
particle number
ⓘ
temperature ⓘ volume ⓘ |
| perMoleForm | molar Helmholtz free energy ⓘ |
| perParticleForm | f = F/N ⓘ |
| physicalMeaning | maximum useful work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Gibbs free energy
ⓘ
enthalpy ⓘ grand potential ⓘ internal energy ⓘ |
| SIBaseUnits | kg·m^2·s^-2 ⓘ |
| statisticalMechanicsExpression | F = -k_B T ln Z ⓘ |
| symbol |
A
ⓘ
F ⓘ |
| thermodynamicDifferential | dF = -S dT - p dV + μ dN (for single component system) ⓘ |
| unit | joule ⓘ |
| useCondition |
constant temperature
ⓘ
constant volume ⓘ |
| usedIn |
chemical thermodynamics
ⓘ
condensed matter physics ⓘ statistical mechanics ⓘ thermodynamics ⓘ |
| usedToDerive |
compressibility
ⓘ
equations of state ⓘ response functions such as heat capacities ⓘ thermal expansion coefficient ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Helmholtz free energy Description of subject: Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.