Triple

T8448911
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test E199750 entity
Predicate uses P98 FINISHED
Object Jacobi sums
Jacobi sums are special algebraic number theory constructs formed from character sums over finite fields or residue classes, widely used in primality testing and the study of cyclotomic fields.
E734841 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Jacobi sums | Statement: [Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test, uses, Jacobi sums]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Jacobi sums
Context triple: [Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test, uses, Jacobi sums]
  • A. Gaussian periods
    Gaussian periods are special algebraic sums of roots of unity that play a key role in number theory, particularly in constructing regular polygons like the 17-gon with straightedge and compass and in understanding cyclotomic fields.
  • B. Ramanujan’s sum
    Ramanujan’s sum is a number-theoretic function introduced by Srinivasa Ramanujan, expressing certain periodic arithmetic functions as finite trigonometric sums over primitive roots of unity.
  • C. Jacobi’s four-square theorem
    Jacobi’s four-square theorem is a fundamental result in number theory that gives a precise formula for the number of ways an integer can be expressed as a sum of four squares.
  • D. Jacobi symbol
    The Jacobi symbol is a number-theoretic function that generalizes the Legendre symbol and plays a key role in quadratic residues and primality testing in modular arithmetic.
  • E. Kummer congruences
    Kummer congruences are number-theoretic relations describing how special values of Bernoulli numbers and related arithmetic functions behave modulo powers of primes, foundational in the study of p-adic L-functions and cyclotomic fields.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Jacobi sums
Triple: [Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test, uses, Jacobi sums]
Generated description
Jacobi sums are special algebraic number theory constructs formed from character sums over finite fields or residue classes, widely used in primality testing and the study of cyclotomic fields.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Jacobi sums
Target entity description: Jacobi sums are special algebraic number theory constructs formed from character sums over finite fields or residue classes, widely used in primality testing and the study of cyclotomic fields.
  • A. Gaussian periods
    Gaussian periods are special algebraic sums of roots of unity that play a key role in number theory, particularly in constructing regular polygons like the 17-gon with straightedge and compass and in understanding cyclotomic fields.
  • B. Ramanujan’s sum
    Ramanujan’s sum is a number-theoretic function introduced by Srinivasa Ramanujan, expressing certain periodic arithmetic functions as finite trigonometric sums over primitive roots of unity.
  • C. Jacobi’s four-square theorem
    Jacobi’s four-square theorem is a fundamental result in number theory that gives a precise formula for the number of ways an integer can be expressed as a sum of four squares.
  • D. Jacobi symbol
    The Jacobi symbol is a number-theoretic function that generalizes the Legendre symbol and plays a key role in quadratic residues and primality testing in modular arithmetic.
  • E. Kummer congruences
    Kummer congruences are number-theoretic relations describing how special values of Bernoulli numbers and related arithmetic functions behave modulo powers of primes, foundational in the study of p-adic L-functions and cyclotomic fields.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69ca83170f9081909cd98f55614c6476 completed March 30, 2026, 2:05 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69cbe445b7988190b53ae45070c70d1d completed March 31, 2026, 3:12 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ce1dbf2e2c8190b20e842438acb4d5 completed April 2, 2026, 7:41 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ce1eddb9988190a77ab59f2867ad5d completed April 2, 2026, 7:46 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ce1fb9b03c819089976283e1c53ca5 completed April 2, 2026, 7:50 a.m.
Created at: March 30, 2026, 6:09 p.m.