Triple

T605567
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Max Born E11585 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Principles of Optics
Principles of Optics is a seminal textbook that rigorously develops the theory of electromagnetic waves and optical phenomena, profoundly shaping modern physical optics.
E75611 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Principles of Optics | Statement: [Max Born, notableWork, Principles of Optics]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Principles of Optics
Context triple: [Max Born, notableWork, Principles of Optics]
  • A. Newtonian optics
    Newtonian optics is the branch of physics developed by Isaac Newton that explains light primarily as a stream of particles to account for reflection, refraction, and color phenomena.
  • B. Fresnel diffraction theory
    Fresnel diffraction theory is a wave-optics framework that describes how light diffracts when source or observation distances are finite, using near-field approximations derived from the Huygens–Fresnel principle.
  • C. Huygens–Fresnel principle
    The Huygens–Fresnel principle is a fundamental concept in wave optics that explains how every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets whose interference determines the wave’s subsequent propagation and diffraction.
  • D. Traité de la lumière
    Traité de la lumière is a seminal 1690 scientific treatise that presents Christiaan Huygens’ wave theory of light, including the principle now known as Huygens’ principle.
  • E. Fresnel equations
    The Fresnel equations are fundamental formulas in optics that describe how light is partially reflected and transmitted at the boundary between two media with different refractive indices, depending on polarization and angle of incidence.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Principles of Optics
Triple: [Max Born, notableWork, Principles of Optics]
Generated description
Principles of Optics is a seminal textbook that rigorously develops the theory of electromagnetic waves and optical phenomena, profoundly shaping modern physical optics.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Principles of Optics
Target entity description: Principles of Optics is a seminal textbook that rigorously develops the theory of electromagnetic waves and optical phenomena, profoundly shaping modern physical optics.
  • A. Newtonian optics
    Newtonian optics is the branch of physics developed by Isaac Newton that explains light primarily as a stream of particles to account for reflection, refraction, and color phenomena.
  • B. Fresnel diffraction theory
    Fresnel diffraction theory is a wave-optics framework that describes how light diffracts when source or observation distances are finite, using near-field approximations derived from the Huygens–Fresnel principle.
  • C. Huygens–Fresnel principle
    The Huygens–Fresnel principle is a fundamental concept in wave optics that explains how every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets whose interference determines the wave’s subsequent propagation and diffraction.
  • D. Traité de la lumière
    Traité de la lumière is a seminal 1690 scientific treatise that presents Christiaan Huygens’ wave theory of light, including the principle now known as Huygens’ principle.
  • E. Fresnel equations
    The Fresnel equations are fundamental formulas in optics that describe how light is partially reflected and transmitted at the boundary between two media with different refractive indices, depending on polarization and angle of incidence.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a4932779b881908688590d59c71900 completed March 1, 2026, 7:27 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a49dc7d88c81909fe493ac57fd784e completed March 1, 2026, 8:12 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a5238addd48190a1f4f471715fccea completed March 2, 2026, 5:43 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69a523e23f3c8190bfb414847e01a4ab completed March 2, 2026, 5:45 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69a5245ef7e48190b811fb9952ca5870 completed March 2, 2026, 5:47 a.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:35 p.m.