Triple
T605567
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Max Born |
E11585
|
entity |
| Predicate | notableWork |
P4
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Principles of Optics
Principles of Optics is a seminal textbook that rigorously develops the theory of electromagnetic waves and optical phenomena, profoundly shaping modern physical optics.
|
E75611
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Principles of Optics | Statement: [Max Born, notableWork, Principles of Optics]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Principles of Optics Context triple: [Max Born, notableWork, Principles of Optics]
-
A.
Newtonian optics
Newtonian optics is the branch of physics developed by Isaac Newton that explains light primarily as a stream of particles to account for reflection, refraction, and color phenomena.
-
B.
Fresnel diffraction theory
Fresnel diffraction theory is a wave-optics framework that describes how light diffracts when source or observation distances are finite, using near-field approximations derived from the Huygens–Fresnel principle.
-
C.
Huygens–Fresnel principle
The Huygens–Fresnel principle is a fundamental concept in wave optics that explains how every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets whose interference determines the wave’s subsequent propagation and diffraction.
-
D.
Traité de la lumière
Traité de la lumière is a seminal 1690 scientific treatise that presents Christiaan Huygens’ wave theory of light, including the principle now known as Huygens’ principle.
-
E.
Fresnel equations
The Fresnel equations are fundamental formulas in optics that describe how light is partially reflected and transmitted at the boundary between two media with different refractive indices, depending on polarization and angle of incidence.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Principles of Optics Triple: [Max Born, notableWork, Principles of Optics]
Generated description
Principles of Optics is a seminal textbook that rigorously develops the theory of electromagnetic waves and optical phenomena, profoundly shaping modern physical optics.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Principles of Optics Target entity description: Principles of Optics is a seminal textbook that rigorously develops the theory of electromagnetic waves and optical phenomena, profoundly shaping modern physical optics.
-
A.
Newtonian optics
Newtonian optics is the branch of physics developed by Isaac Newton that explains light primarily as a stream of particles to account for reflection, refraction, and color phenomena.
-
B.
Fresnel diffraction theory
Fresnel diffraction theory is a wave-optics framework that describes how light diffracts when source or observation distances are finite, using near-field approximations derived from the Huygens–Fresnel principle.
-
C.
Huygens–Fresnel principle
The Huygens–Fresnel principle is a fundamental concept in wave optics that explains how every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets whose interference determines the wave’s subsequent propagation and diffraction.
-
D.
Traité de la lumière
Traité de la lumière is a seminal 1690 scientific treatise that presents Christiaan Huygens’ wave theory of light, including the principle now known as Huygens’ principle.
-
E.
Fresnel equations
The Fresnel equations are fundamental formulas in optics that describe how light is partially reflected and transmitted at the boundary between two media with different refractive indices, depending on polarization and angle of incidence.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69a4932779b881908688590d59c71900 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 7:27 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69a49dc7d88c81909fe493ac57fd784e |
completed | March 1, 2026, 8:12 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69a5238addd48190a1f4f471715fccea |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:43 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69a523e23f3c8190bfb414847e01a4ab |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:45 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69a5245ef7e48190b811fb9952ca5870 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:47 a.m. |
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:35 p.m.