Triple
T604323
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Hans Bethe |
E11562
|
entity |
| Predicate | notableWork |
P4
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Bethe–Salpeter equation
The Bethe–Salpeter equation is a relativistic quantum field theory equation that describes bound states of two interacting particles, such as electron–hole pairs in quantum electrodynamics.
|
E75707
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Bethe–Salpeter equation | Statement: [Hans Bethe, notableWork, Bethe–Salpeter equation]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe–Salpeter equation Context triple: [Hans Bethe, notableWork, Bethe–Salpeter equation]
-
A.
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
-
B.
Dirac equation
The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
-
C.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
D.
Herzberg–Teller approximation
The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
-
E.
Brillouin–Wigner perturbation theory
Brillouin–Wigner perturbation theory is a formulation of quantum mechanical perturbation theory that uses an energy-dependent effective Hamiltonian to obtain improved approximations to eigenvalues and eigenstates.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Bethe–Salpeter equation Triple: [Hans Bethe, notableWork, Bethe–Salpeter equation]
Generated description
The Bethe–Salpeter equation is a relativistic quantum field theory equation that describes bound states of two interacting particles, such as electron–hole pairs in quantum electrodynamics.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe–Salpeter equation Target entity description: The Bethe–Salpeter equation is a relativistic quantum field theory equation that describes bound states of two interacting particles, such as electron–hole pairs in quantum electrodynamics.
-
A.
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
-
B.
Dirac equation
The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
-
C.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
D.
Herzberg–Teller approximation
The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
-
E.
Brillouin–Wigner perturbation theory
Brillouin–Wigner perturbation theory is a formulation of quantum mechanical perturbation theory that uses an energy-dependent effective Hamiltonian to obtain improved approximations to eigenvalues and eigenstates.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69a4932779b881908688590d59c71900 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 7:27 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69a49dc67b248190b0bb195553f03be8 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 8:12 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69a523898af08190bfa7e73ab6e1c7f3 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:43 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69a5242b276c8190a136453a02d59e0a |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:46 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69a5248026bc819094065322e0930098 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:47 a.m. |
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:35 p.m.