Triple

T58721
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Feynman–Hellmann theorem E1162 entity
Predicate relatedTo P37 FINISHED
Object Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory is a fundamental method in quantum mechanics for approximating the energies and states of a system by treating interactions as small corrections to an exactly solvable problem.
E5100 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory | Statement: [Feynman–Hellmann theorem, relatedTo, Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
Context triple: [Feynman–Hellmann theorem, relatedTo, Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory]
  • A. Born–Oppenheimer approximation
    The Born–Oppenheimer approximation is a fundamental method in molecular quantum mechanics that simplifies calculations by treating nuclear motion as much slower than electronic motion, allowing their behaviors to be separated.
  • B. Feynman–Hellmann theorem
    The Feynman–Hellmann theorem is a result in quantum mechanics that relates the derivative of an energy eigenvalue with respect to a parameter in the Hamiltonian to the expectation value of the corresponding derivative of the Hamiltonian.
  • C. The Nature of the Chemical Bond
    The Nature of the Chemical Bond is a landmark chemistry book by Linus Pauling that systematically explains chemical bonding using quantum mechanics and became one of the most influential scientific texts of the 20th century.
  • D. Feynman–Kac formula
    The Feynman–Kac formula is a fundamental result connecting solutions of certain partial differential equations with expectations over stochastic processes, forming a bridge between quantum mechanics, probability theory, and mathematical finance.
  • E. Einstein coefficients
    Einstein coefficients are parameters in quantum theory that quantify the probabilities of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of radiation by atoms or molecules.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
Triple: [Feynman–Hellmann theorem, relatedTo, Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory]
Generated description
Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory is a fundamental method in quantum mechanics for approximating the energies and states of a system by treating interactions as small corrections to an exactly solvable problem.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
Target entity description: Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory is a fundamental method in quantum mechanics for approximating the energies and states of a system by treating interactions as small corrections to an exactly solvable problem.
  • A. Born–Oppenheimer approximation
    The Born–Oppenheimer approximation is a fundamental method in molecular quantum mechanics that simplifies calculations by treating nuclear motion as much slower than electronic motion, allowing their behaviors to be separated.
  • B. Feynman–Hellmann theorem
    The Feynman–Hellmann theorem is a result in quantum mechanics that relates the derivative of an energy eigenvalue with respect to a parameter in the Hamiltonian to the expectation value of the corresponding derivative of the Hamiltonian.
  • C. On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
    "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" is Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper that introduced the concept of light quanta (photons), laying the foundation for quantum theory and explaining the photoelectric effect.
  • D. The Nature of the Chemical Bond
    The Nature of the Chemical Bond is a landmark chemistry book by Linus Pauling that systematically explains chemical bonding using quantum mechanics and became one of the most influential scientific texts of the 20th century.
  • E. Feynman–Kac formula
    The Feynman–Kac formula is a fundamental result connecting solutions of certain partial differential equations with expectations over stochastic processes, forming a bridge between quantum mechanics, probability theory, and mathematical finance.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a24a552ef88190a0df287d68c65cba completed Feb. 28, 2026, 1:52 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a24ec4d84c81908d85a1e941dbcd19 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 2:11 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a2554a9e70819099ab14df3da5e403 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 2:39 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69a2569d3d008190ad1546d18ba30375 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 2:44 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69a2573414808190bbab27e1f48479a5 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 2:47 a.m.
Created at: Feb. 28, 2026, 1:55 a.m.